胡文仲 跨文化交际学概论 怎么翻译

outline是梗概，概述、轮廓的意思1、n.梗概，大纲，提纲，草稿，要点，主要原则；外形，轮廓，轮廓线，轮廓画法，略图（画法）。2、vt.概述；略述；画轮廓，打草图，描略图。outline的例句1、Yet the outline of a deal seems clear .可一个解决方案的轮廓似乎已很清晰。2、On foreign policy , he has only sketched the outline .在外交政策方面他只是勾画出一个大致的轮廓。3、Yet a group of historians soon drafted an outline .然而一个历史团体不久就起草了一个大纲。4、Write out the speech and practice it using an outline .写下这篇演说并通过提纲来练习。5、 He could see only the hazy outline of the goalposts.他只能看见球门柱模糊的轮廓。6、Draw your child"s outline with a heavy black marker.用浓黑色的毡笔画出你孩子的轮廓。7、Here we outline some of the some-times conflicting forces moulding the debate.在此我们概述一些有时影响争论的相互对立的力量。8、With a lip pencil, outline lips and fill them in.用唇线笔勾出双唇的轮廓，然后涂上唇膏。9、These documents provided a broad outline of the Society"s development.这些文件勾画出了社会发展的大致框架。10、The outline of the mysterious man was faintly visible in the mist.这个神秘人的轮廓在雾气中隐约可见。11、l outlined the main meaning of this article.我概括了一下这篇文章的主要意思。

英语论文提纲outline格式：1．论文题目：准确、简洁、醒目、新颖。2．目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简短列表。（短文不需要列出）3、小结：是文章的主要内容摘录，简短、精练、完整。字数可以少于几十个字，300字以上为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的标题、摘要和正文中挑选出来的，是表达论文中心内容具有实质性意义的词汇。关键词是用来标记文章内容特点的词语。一般每篇论文选择3－8个单词作为关键词，在“feed”的左下方再安排一行。主语词是一个已经标准化的词。在确定主题词时，应根据索引和分组规则，对论文进行主题化，并在主题词表中转换为标准词。5．主要内容：引言：引言，又称前言、前言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言部分应概述作者的意图，说明选题的目的和意义，并指出论文的范围。引言应该简短扼要，紧扣主题。论文主体：论文主体是论文的主体。主体包括：陈述－论证；分析问题－论点和论点；解决问题－演示和步骤；结论。6．论文的参考文献是在论文和写作中可以被引用或引用的主要参考资料，列在论文的最后。参考文献应该是另一页，按照“gb7714－2005后的参考文献描述规则”进行标记。标题—作者—出版信息（版本地点、出版商、出版日期）：作者—标题—出版信息所列参考文献的要求是：所列参考文献必须是正式出版物，供读者核实。所列参考文献应注明序号、著作或文章名称、作者、出版资料。论文的提纲也可以采用最简单的格式和分类，简单明了地陈述论文的目的、依据和意义，甚至两句话。这样的大纲经常用于科学论文中，其中的概念是相关的，而不是单独讨论。如果一，二，三…点代写，往往会变成“八股文”模式，这样的论文往往是临摹论文，其真正的科学价值会大大降低。扩展资料：其他文件格式参考格式是指为撰写论文而引用已发表文献的格式。按参考文献类型可分为专著［M］、会议论文集［C］、报刊文章［N］、期刊文章［J］、学术论文［D］、报告［R］、标准［S］、专利［P］、论文［A］、期刊［G］。许多文件格式都有开放的、标准化的或建议的格式。这些规范或建议描述了如何对数据进行编码和安排。有时还指定是否需要特定的计算机程序来读取或处理它。有两种情况不公开文件格式。首先，开发人员将文件格式视为商业机密。其次，开发人员不愿意或者很少花时间在规范文档上。需要注意的是，使用非公共文件格式可能会产生额外的成本。要理解这种类型的文件格式，您需要对结果文件进行反向工程，或者付钱给开发人员以获得文件格式。第二种方法通常涉及与开发人员签订的防扩散协议。无论哪种方式都既耗时又费钱。

英语论文提纲outline格式：1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：提出-论点；分析问题-论据和论证；解决问题-论证与步骤；结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-2005文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。论文提纲也可以用最简单的格式和分类，简单明了地说明论文的目的、依据和意义，甚至是两句话。这种提纲往往是用于科学论文，而且在对于各种概念有相互联系而不是孤立的出来讨论的情况下。如果总要分出1、2、3......点来写的话，往往会变成“八股文”的模式，这样的论文往往是应付式的论文，其真正的科学价值会大打折扣。扩展资料：通常情况下，撰写论文提纲有5大要求：1、要有全局观念，从整体出发去检查每一部分在论文中所占的地位和作用。看看各部分的比例分配是否恰当，篇幅的长短是否合适，每一部分能否为中心论点服务。比如有一篇论文论述企业深化改革与稳定是辩证统一的，作者以浙江××市某企业为例，说只要干部在改革中以身作则，与职工同甘共苦，可以取得多数职工的理解。2、从中心论点出发，决定材料的取舍，把与主题无关或关系不大的材料毫不可惜地舍弃，尽管这些材料是煞费苦心费了不少劳动搜集来的。有所失，才能有所得。一块毛料寸寸宝贵，舍不得剪裁去，也就缝制不成合身的衣服。为了成衣，必须剪裁去不需要的部分。所以，我们必须时刻牢记材料只是为形成自己论文的论点服务的，离开了这一点，无论是多少好的材料都必须舍得抛弃。3、要考虑各部分之间的逻辑关系。初学撰写论文的人常犯的毛病，是论点和论据没有必然联系，有的只限于反复阐述论点，而缺乏切实有力的论据;有的材料一大堆，论点不明确；有的各部分之间没有形成有机的逻辑关系，这样的论文都是不合乎要求的，这样的论文是没有说服力的。为了有说服力，必须有虚有实，有论点有例证，理论和实际相结合，论证过程有严密的逻辑性，拟提纲时特别要注意这一点，检查这一点。4、论文的基本结构由序论、本论、结论三大部分组成。序论、结论这两部分在提纲中部应比较简略。本论则是全文的重点，是应集中笔墨写深写透的部分，因此在提纲上也要列得较为详细。本论部分至少要有两层标准，层层深入，层层推理，以便体现总论点和分论点的有机结合，把论点讲深讲透。5、安排好论文的篇幅。如全文大约多少字，各部分大约多少字。有了这个安排，写作时就可以更有计划，避免东拉西扯，离题太远。至于一篇论文到底以多长篇幅为好，这并无规定。一般说来，篇幅过短，难以把问题分析得深刻、透彻。同样，洋洋数万言的论文也不容易写好，很容易变成资料的堆砌，杂乱无章。从当前教育科研的实际情况来看，一篇论文的篇幅一般以四千到八千字左右为好，这也比较符合阅读者的心理。参考资料来源：百度百科-论文提纲

outline 有三种 很简约的说 1.topic outline thesis：XXXXX(是一句话,要打句点）（下面的都是单词和短语 不打句点) Ⅰ.XXXX Ⅱ.XXXX A.XXXX 1.XXX 2.XXX B.XXXX Ⅲ.XXXXX 2.sentence outline (格式和TOPIC OUTLINE 是一样的,但是下面的小点和层次都是一句话的形式） thesis和下面的层次是一排起头的 3.mixed outline 格式也是一样的 但是第一层是要是一句话的 ,一下的都是短语和单词组成,是前面2种的混合体

outline有三种很简约的说1.topicoutlinethesis：xxxxx(是一句话，要打句点）（下面的都是单词和短语不打句点)ⅰ.xxxxⅱ.xxxxa.xxxx1.xxx2.xxxb.xxxxⅲ.xxxxx2.sentenceoutline(格式和topicoutline是一样的，但是下面的小点和层次都是一句话的形式）thesis和下面的层次是一排起头的3.mixedoutline格式也是一样的但是第一层是要是一句话的，一下的都是短语和单词组成，是前面2种的混合体

英语专业学位论文应采用英语撰写，一般由以下部分组成，依次为：（1）封面，（2）任务书，（3）开题报告, (4) 英文摘要及关键词(Abstract，Keywords)，（5）目录（Outline），（6）正文，（7）注释（Notes）,（8）参考文献（Bibliography）， (9) 致谢(Acknowledgement)。Outline中要有Thesis Statement, 采用四号加粗，目录的各章节应简明扼要，其中每章（Ⅰ.Ⅱ.Ⅲ.）题目采用小三号，每节（A.B.C.）题目采用四号。目录部分采用单倍行距。

　　关于如何编写Expository Essay Outline（说明性论文提纲），首先要了解什么是Expository Essay?　　这是一个很好的问题。可悲的是，答案可能比您想要的更加模糊。说明性文章是一种通俗易懂的类别，它描述任何文章，在其中您可以彻底揭示主题的内部原理并教给读者一些新知识。　　实际上，这篇文章可以被视为非正式的说明性文章。　　通常，您的老师会要求您写一篇说明性文章，以证明您已完成对某个主题的研究。您的目标是有效地解释读者需要了解的有关该主题的知识，并回答相关且有趣的问题。　　出于本文的目的，假设我们要写一篇关于社交媒体对日常生活的影响的说明性文章。　　以下是此示例大纲的总体结构：　　1.INTRODUCTION　　A.Hook　　B.Background　　C.Thesis　　2.FIRST BODY PARAGRAPH　　A.Main idea 1　　B.Evidence to support main idea 1　　C.Evidence to support main idea 1　　D.Analysis　　3.BODY PARAGRAPH 2　　A.Main idea 2　　B.Evidence to support main idea 2　　C.Evidence to support main idea 2　　D.Analysis　　4.BODY PARAGRAPH 3　　A.Main idea 3　　B.Evidence to support main idea 3　　C.Evidence to support main idea 3　　D.Analysis　　5.CONCLUSION　　A.Restate or summarize your thesis or focus　　B.Discuss the larger significance/implications of topic or reveal unanswered questions　　Expository Essay Outline:介绍性段落　　Hook　　首先用钩句引起读者的注意。请记住，您的关注点应该既有趣又与您的主题直接相关。　　Background　　提供主题的背景和上下文。不要假设您的读者对社交媒体或其影响一无所知。　　撰写清晰明确的论文陈述。论文陈述就像您论文的路线图。这是您撰写论文的重点。　　(如果您的说明性文章采取论据立场，则您可能想更认真地检查这些论点论文陈述的示例。)　　显然，论文陈述的确切外观很大程度上取决于教授的要求。但这也取决于您要编写的说明文的确切类型以及主题的范围。通过考虑任何论文陈述神话来确保结构正确，对于您的特定论文，可以忽略它。　　Expository Essay Outline:主体段落　　现在您已经引起了读者的注意，使他们快速掌握了基础知识，并提出了论文陈述，接下来将对正文进行设置，以便对论文主题进行更深入的研究。　　您合并的正文段落的确切数目将完全取决于您的作业和/或主题的参数。我的示例包括三个正文段落。　　每个正文段应包括以下内容：　　一个主题句子，提供您段落的主要思想。可以回答您的问题或支持您的论文的事实证据。在我的示例中，我为每个主题结合了两个事实证据，但是您的论文可能会使用或多或少。　　您对上述证据的分析。在这里，您可以对证据的重要性进行评论。(请记住与您的老师确认观点。尽管这是您的分析，但您可能仍需要以第三人称的观点来写。)　　一个很好的过渡句子，可以将您的文章编织在一起并无缝地连接想法。(不使用过渡效果，您的论文就显得不连贯，就像随机排列的含糊的相关观点一样。)　　大致三个Body paragraph就可以：　　Body paragraph 1　　Main idea 1:xxx　　Evidence:xxx　　Evidence:xxx　　Analysis:xxx　　Body paragraph 2　　Main idea 1:xxx　　Evidence:xxx　　Evidence:xxx　　Analysis:xxx　　Body paragraph 3　　Main idea 1:xxx　　Evidence:xxx　　Evidence:xxx　　Analysis:xxx　　Expository Essay Outline:总结段落　　最后，是时候写您的总结段落了。在本段中，您可以执行以下任一操作：　　①总结您的问题或论文　　②讨论主题的更大意义　　③显示未回答的问题　　以上便是小编为关于如何编写Expository Essay Outline的分析，回答来源于Meeloun论文网，原文链接

1.首先要明确Essay的主旨内容不论是中文论文还是英文论文每一篇论文都要有主旨，其主要作用是引导你Essay主题方向，同时对你对于Essay逻辑组织有很大的帮助。留学生们应该如何概括Essay的主旨呢？可以试试从下面这几个思路着手：u2022 比较对照两个事物u2022 列举出因果关系u2022 分析特殊方面u2022 列出单个或两者的论证u2022 提供证据并得出结论u2022 列出问题然后提供解决方案2.其次再收集资料收集资料的同时要做好笔记，最后是要写到Reference List中去的。这些资料的可以是他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。3.然后要思考如何通过辅助论证来支撑你所提出的主旨举例来说：假如你现在要呈现一个历史概述，那么你可以按照历史年代来排序；假如你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；假如你在某观点立场的犹豫不定的时候，建议你先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。4.接着再撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲如果腻的Essay很有广度深度的话，那么建议你用一些短语作为主题大纲；然后用句子大纲阐述细节。u2022 一般情况下你可以先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。5.然后确定主要类别根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。u2022 当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。6.是时候确定论点了每个分类至少想两个论点，根据你文章的主旨和你之前收集的论据材料来选择你的分论点。这些分论点就是你提纲的第二个层级。一般它们是用英文字母标示的。7.根据需要确定中心论点的分论点如果有必要的话，你可以在中心论点上确定分论点。这么做会最大化你文章的逻辑性。再把这些分论点放在你提纲的第三层，并用阿拉伯数字标示。（1、2、3、4 等等）u2022 为了方便标识，你可以在下一层用小写罗马字符（I、II、III、IV等等），接着用小写英文字母（a、b、c、d等等），最后可以用回阿拉伯数字（1、2、3、4，等等）u2022 在写提纲时基本上不需要四个层级。如果出现这类状况，试着合并论点。8.最把材料和你的Outline融合通过使用罗马数字的分级来整理你的分类，论点和分论点以便向读者阐明你的主旨。

我只知道outline，不过应该包括你说的这些了一般为五段式结构1.introductory paragraph 介绍段 -hook 引出话题；概述，大概1-2句 -thesis statement 你的论点 1句 -main points 一般是3点 1句 以下3段分别论述这3点2.3.4段结构一样，我只写1段的做参考2.body paragraph 正文段 -topic sentence 你的分论点，也就是你在第一段说的3点中的第1点，只不过要更具体一点 1句 -quotation 引证.可以是数据，举例，文章节选等等 -explain 解释你的例证是如何支持你的topic sentence -conclusion 对本段的总结5.concluding paragraph 总结段 -restate thesis 再次强调你的论点 -restate main points 再次强调你的3个分论点 -comment 在中文写作中相当于最后对文章主旨的升华。可以是你对你的topic的重大意义，发展前景，个人推断，或者引用名人名言等等

我不知道用中文的中心思想是不是formal writing里的statement，如果是的话通常是放到一个paragraph的第一句，essay的outline 与introduction是一样的功效， 一篇格式好的mini essay应该有introduction， 其中包含了outline与三个或多的statement，就是你的main idea，然后就是body paragraphs，写了几个statement就要写几个body paragraphs， 每个body要有1.你的statement（可以直接从introduction里抄下来）2.example 3.explaination 4.own opinion，然后就是conclusion，和introduction差不多，随便变两句就行了，希望可以帮助你

其实就是总-分的结构。先写一句提示下文的概括性的话，继而进行解释或者介绍： 1．表示原因 　　1）There are three reasons for this． 　　2）The reasons for this are as follows． 　　3）The reason for this is obvious． 　　4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 　　5）The reason for this is that．．． 　　6）We have good reason to believe that．．． 　　例如： 　　There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people"s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life． 　　注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。 　　2．表示好处 　　1）It has the following advantages． 　　2）It does us a lot of good． 　　3）It benefits us quite a lot． 　　4）It is beneficial to us． 　　5）It is of great benefit to us． 　　例如： 　　Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us． 　　3．表示坏处 　　1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 　　2）It does us much harm． 　　3）It is harmfulto us． 　　例如： 　　However，everything dividesinto two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion． 　　4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 　　1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth． 　　2）We think it necessary to do sth． 　　3）It plays an important role in our life． 　　例如： 　　Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age． 　　5．表示措施 　　1）We should take some effective measures． 　　2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 　　3）We should do our utmost in doing sth． 　　4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with． 　　例如： 　　The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it． 　　6．表示变化 　　1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years． 　　2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world"s communications． 　　3）The computer has brought about many changes in education． 　　例如： 　　Some changes have taken place in people"s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins． 　　7．表示事实、现状 　　1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．． 　　2）No one can deny the fact that．．． 　　3）There is no denying the fact that．．． 　　4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in． 　　5）However，that"s not the case． 　　例如： 　　We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment． 　　8．表示比较 　　1）Compared with A，B．．． 　　2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV． 　　3）There is a striking contrast between them． 　　例如： 　　Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people"s health by giving them due physical exercise． 　　9．表示数量 　　1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．． 　　2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000． 　　3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January． 　　例如： 　　With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people"s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased． 　　再如： 　　From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000． 　　注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月CET －4、6短文写作的第一段。 　　10．表示看法 　　1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth． 　　2）People have different opinions on this problem． 　　3）People take different views of（on）the question． 　　4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．． 　　例如： 　　People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success． 　　Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers． 　　再如： 　　Do“lucky numbers?really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it． 　　注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。 　　11．表示结论 　　1）In short，it can be said that ．．． 　　2）It may be briefly summed up as follows． 　　3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．． 　　例如： 　　From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved． 　　注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。 　　12．套语 　　1）It"s well known to us that ．．． 　　2）As is known to us，．．． 　　3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about． 　　4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．． 　　5）As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．? 　　例如： 　　As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus． 　　The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower?．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate． 　　再如： 　　Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．

　　如何在雅思写作时，快而准的寻找一个好的outline呢?跟着我一起来看一下吧! 　　首先烤鸭们拿到雅思作文题目第一个想法是什么呢?头脑风暴?词句风暴?无论如何，在动笔之前心里一定要给出一个outline!安排一个大概的结构和思路，否则，很有可能写到一半就断线~也有可能写到最后发现跑题咯~ 　　总而言之，写作之前还是好好为你的大作选几个好的ideas，并把它们组织起来~~下面就看看具体怎么操作吧! 　　Planning IELTS essays and finding ideas 　　This lesson looks at how planning better can help you write better essays. I focus in particular on “ideas” u2013 something that catches many candidates out. The two key points are that the ideas you need to write an IELTS essay are fairly simple and it helps to make a difference between ideas, reasons and examples. 　　Problem 1 u2013 not enough ideas 观点不够 　　This is one of most common reasons for candidates to go wrong in the writing paper. They see a question. Try to think of ideas. Come up empty and panic. You will find part of my solution to this below. For now, I will just say that you need very few ideas to write a good essay and those ideas can be simple ideas too. Donu2019t buy a book on ideas for essays, instead learn this tip: 　　Tip u2013 you need only 2 ideas to write an essay and those ideas are often found in the question 　　Problem 2 u2013 the ideas are confused 观点混淆 　　This is also a very common mistake. There are plenty of ideas to write an essay. The problem is that the reader/examiner does not know what the main ideas are. 　　Tip u2013 make sure you have one main idea per paragraph. This should be clear from the first sentence of the paragraph 　　Problem 3 u2013 too many ideas 观点太多 　　Yes, some people do have too many ideas. This is a trap for candidates aiming for a high score. In particular, if they are used to writing academic essays. IELTS is a 250 word essay marked on language. That means it is probably much shorter than you are used to and there are no marks for quality and quantity of ideas. 　　Tip u2013 select only enough ideas to write a complete essay u2013 that means one per paragraph 　　Finding ideas for essays 怎么确定观点呢?、 　　Step 1 u2013 understand the difference between ideas, reasons and examples 区分观点、原因、例子的区别 　　When I ask my students in a class for “ideas”, they quite often stare at me in silence. When I ask them the question “why” or ask them to give me an example, they (normally!) have plenty to say. That should tell you there is a difference between ideas, reasons (why) and examples. The good news is ideas are not the problem in IELTS, what you need are reasons and examples. They are normally much easier to find. 　　A paragraph is one idea: supported with reasons and examples. You only need two ideas. 　　Step 2 u2013 learning where to find ideas for essays?试着从问题里找观点 　　The ideas you need for an essay are nearly always found in the question. They are typically so big that you think they are too easy to be a real idea. Thatu2019s the trap. What do I mean? Take this example: 　　Human activities have endangered many animal and plant species. Some people think it is too late to save them, while others think humans should still take some action. Discuss both views and express your own opinions. 　　This is one of the harder questions I have seen recently, but the ideas you need are simple enough. 　　It is too late to save endangered species 　　It is not too late to save species 　　It is that easy. Those two ideas are your two main topic paras. All you need now are some reasons and examples. 　　Step 3 u2013 finding reasons and examples u2013 ask yourself questions 通过问问题来确定原因和例子 　　Here you have different options. One trick is simply ask yourself the questions “why?” or “how?” or “when?” or what?” That is often enough. 　　Step 4 u2013 thinking vocabulary gives you more “ideas” 通过词汇来激发灵感 　　This is something else I use with my students a lot. It might also work for you. The concept is that once you have words, then “ideas” come naturally from those words. Try thinking of “planning words” and see if it works for you. 　　Organising and selecting your ideas reasons and examples 　　Key concept u2013 one idea per paragraph supported by reasons and examples 一段一观点 　　Look at these two sample paragraphs from the essay and see how I use simple ideas from the question: 　　Much of the argument against taking any action to save these species is that the process is irreversible. Just to take one example, there are now so few Giant Pandas left in the wild, they will in all probability become extinct in the foreseeable future. There are simply too few bamboo forests left in order for them to survive. This is also the case with many other endangered species who have lost, or are losing, their natural habitat. 　　NotesThe first sentence outlines what the paragraph is about. It is the idea from the question: Some people think it is too late to save them. The rest of paragraph is an explanation of that idea 　　Giant Pandas arre threatened and will die out (example) 　　Problem with habitat (extended example) 　　Other species have same pattern (explanation of example) 　　The opposite view is that it is the responsibilty of mankind to act and try and save these species for posterity.There is a moral aspect to this argument because most of these species are only endangered because of manu2019s actions and it is our duty to make amends. Another consideration is that advances in science, especially in the field of genetics, mean that we may be able to recreate some of their lost habitats. It is no longer the case that the only option is to preserve these species for future generations in zoos and botanical gardens. 　　Notes 　　You should see that this paragraph follows almost the same model. There is one clear and simple idea in the first sentence. It relates back to the question words: while others think humans should still take some action. The rest of the paragraph explains that idea: 　　moral duty because it is our fault (reason why) 　　science can now help through genetics (second reason why) 　　zoos are not the only solution (extended second reason why) 　　Key concept u2013 you donu2019t need to include all your reasons and examples 　　My “notes” for this essay included all this. They are my notes, so you donu2019t need to understand them all. What I want you to see is that I have not included everything. In an academic essay I might have. Here I have selected the ideas that were easiest to write about. 　　zoos (example) 　　breed in captivity (example extended) 　　preservation (how) 　　giant pandas (example) 　　medical benefits (why) 　　loss of habitat (why) 　　river dolphins (example) 　　biodiversity (reason) 　　logging and rainforests (example) 　　dams (example) 　　progress of man (why) 　　deforestation (how) 　　bamboo forest (where) 　　science (why) 　　cloning (example) 　　genetics (example) 　　moral responsibility (why) 　　Key concept u2013 balance your paragraphs 　　There are a number of different possible essay structures. My default (normal) structure is to have 2 paragraphs that balance each other u2013 it is surprising how often this structure works. It is good for the coherence of the essay, it also makes it easier to write u2013 especially if you are short of “ideas”. You use the second content paragraph can reflect the ideas in the first paragraph, but from the opposite point of view. 　　希望以上所说能对你有所帮助!

第一个选择：An outline breaks down the parts of your thesis in a clear, hierarchical manner. Most students find that writing an outline before beginning the paper is most helpful in organizing one"s thoughts. If your outline is good, your paper should be easy to write.The basic format for an outline uses an alternating series of numbers and letters, indented accordingly, to indicate levels of importance. Here is an example of an outline on a paper about the development of Japanese theater:OUTLINE NOTES I. Thesis: Japanese theater rose from a popular to elite and then returned to a popular art form.II. Early theatrical formsA. BugakuB. SarugakuC. Primitive NohD. Authors and AudienceIII. Noh theaterA. AuthorsB. Props1. Masksa. womenb. demonsc. old men2. Structure of StageC. Themes1. Buddhist influence2. The supernaturalD. Kyogen interludesE. AudienceIV. KabukiA. AuthorsB. Props1. make-up2. special effectsC. Themes1. Love stories2. RevengeD. AudienceV. Bunraku (puppet) theaterA. AuthorsB. PropsC. Themes1. Love stories2. Historical romancesD. AudienceVI. Conclusion The thesis is stated in the first section, which is the introduction. The body follows the introduction, and breaks down the points the author wishes to make. Note that some section have subdivisions, others do not, depending on the demands of the paper. In this outline, II, III, & IV all have similar structure, but this will not necessarily be true for all papers. Some may only have three major sections, others more than the five given here. Your conclusion should restate your thesis, and never introduce new material. 第二个选择：How to Write an Outline What is it?An outline is a general plan of the material that is to be presented in a speech or a paper. The outline shows the order of the various topics, the relative importance of each, and the relationship between the various parts.Order in an OutlineThere are many ways to arrange the different parts of a subject. Sometimes, a chronological arrangement works well. At other times, a spatial arrangement is best suited to the material. The most common order in outlines is to go from the general to the specific. This means you begin with a general idea and then support it with specific examples.Thesis Statement of Summarizing Sentence All outlines should begin with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence. This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. It must always be a complete, grammatical sentence, specific and brief, which expresses the point of view you are taking towards the subject.Types of OutlinesThe two main types of outlines are the topic outline and the sentence outline. In the topic outline, the headings are given in single words or brief phrases. In the sentence outline, all the headings are expressed in complete sentences.Rules for Outlining1. Subdivide topics by a system of numbers and letters, followed by a period.Example:I. A. B. 1. 2. a. b.II. A. B.2. Each heading and subheading must have at least two parts.3. Headings for parts of the paper of speech such as, Introduction and Conclusion, should not be used.4. Be consistent. Do not mix up the two types of outlines. Use either whole sentences of brief phrases, but not both.ExamplesTopic OutlineChoices in College and AfterThesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myself about my life"s work. I. Two decisions describedA. Art history or chemistry1. Professional considerations 2. Personal considerations B. A third year of French?1. Practical advantages of knowing a foreign language2. Intellectual advantages3. The issue of necessity II. Definition of the problemA. Decisions about occupationB. Decisions about a kind of life to lead III. Temporary resolution of the problemA. To hold open a professional possibility: chemistryB. To take advantage of cultural gains already made: FrenchSentence OutlineChoices in College and AfterThesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myself about my life"s work.I. I have two decisions to make with respect to choosing college courses in the immediate future.A. One is whether to elect a course in art history or in chemistry.1. One time in my life, I planned to be a chemical engineer professionally.2. On the other hand, I enjoy art and plan to travel and see more of it.B. The second decision is whether to continue a third year of French beyond the basic college requirement.1. French might be useful both in engineering and travel.2. Furthermore, I am eager to read good books which are written in French.3. How necessary are these considerations in the light of other courses I might take instead?II. My problem can be put in the form of a dilemma involving larger questions about my whole future.A. On the one hand I want to hold a highly-trained position in a lucrative profession.B. On the other hand I want to lead a certain kind of life, with capacities for values not connected with the making of money.III. I will have to make a decision balancing the conflicting needs I have described.A. I will hold open the professional possibilities by electing chemistry.B. I will improve and solidify what cultural proficiency in another language I have already gained, by electing French.第三个选择：How to Write an OutlineAn outline is a list of topics, of sentences, or of questions you intend to answer in your essay. The outline is the over-all plan of your essay. It determines what central points your paper is going to make and how they will be organized, to support your thesis. Steps All parts of the outline should be constructed and organized to support your thesis or central point. Therefore, before you begin the outline you have to have a sense of what you will argue in the paper: you have to be clear about your thesis statement. Main Categories. Arrange your general ideas in main categories. These are the main topics of your essay. Arrange your main categories in the order you discuss them.To help you arrange your categories: look at your main categories, with your thesis in mind, try to find a way that the labels might be arranged in a sentence or two that supports your argument. Sub-categories (Paragraphs). Within each general category list and arrange the paragraphs that support the category. Sentences. Within each sub-category list and arrange your specific notes to support the argument made on that paragraph. This is the order of sentences in the paragraph. The arrangement of caregories, sub-categories and sentences should present a clear, logical argument to support your thesis. Read here about Methods of proving a topic sentence. Also, the different sections should relate logically to each other. Read here about Logic in Argumentative Writing. Organize the outline according to your purposes: Are you attempting to show the chronology of some historical development, the cause-and-effect relationship between one phenomenon and another, the process by which something is accomplished, or the logic of some position? Are you defining or analyzing something? Comparing or contrasting one thing to another? Presenting an argument (one side or both)? Some methods of organizing:Climactic arrangement: one that works up to your strongest point, which is delivered as a kind of grand finale.The inductive argument: in which you build up the evidence first, and then draw conclusions. A problem-solution format: involves presenting the problem first and then outlining the solution.More Principles of Organization. Tips A sample of a topic outline. An outline can be written as a topic outline, in which you use only short phrases to suggest ideas, or as a sentence outline, in which you use full sentences (even very brief paragraphs) to show the development of ideas more fully. Warnings Your paper depends on it! A good outline enhances the organization and coherence of your paper. The outline can help you organize your material, stay focused, be clear, discover connections between pieces of information that you weren"t aware of, make you aware of material that is not really relevant to the purposes of your paper, help you fill in gaps, etc. Watch who that you communicate with if On-Line.

纲手的英文名字是Tsunade,下面就由我来解释一下。 T 代表 tempting, 意思是 诱人的 S 代表 smart, 意思是 聪明的 U 代表 unforgettable, 意思是 不能被忘记的 N 代表 neat, 意思是 巧妙的 A 代表 acknowledged, 意思是 公认的、人们承认的 D 代表 dignified, 意思是 有威严的、高贵的 E 代表 energetic, 意思是 精力旺盛的

有两个，Outline - 画...轮廓，草图Profile - 描出..轮廓，侧面像至于stroke..主要的意思是用笔划道道

有很多 你想说哪个 我都给你轮廓 figure，外形的 lineament这是表示面部的 profile这个表示什么都行 ～～ silhouette这个也是用的比较广泛～

My introduction Hello, Everybody! I am very glad to stand here to give you my introduction. My name is Huangxinyu. I am studying in Class 3, Grade5.I love my school because it"s very beautiful. I have many hobbies, such as reading books, listening to music surfing the Internet and traveling. But listening to music is my favorite. I like pop music best. Because of the busy study, I don"t have much free time to practice singing. What a pity! I am a lovely girl. I like making friends and chatting with them. I am good at Math and English and I like English better. In my opinion, it"s very easy and fun. Use English and with them is a great chance for me to learn English from others. Now, after listening to my introduction, do know well? 译文：大家好！很高兴能在这里给作我的自我介绍。我的名字叫做黄欣雨。就读于五年级（3）班。我很爱我的学校因为它非常美丽。我有许多爱好，如看书、 听音乐，上网冲浪和旅行。但听音乐是我的最爱。我最喜欢流行音乐。但是，因为忙着学习，我没有什么空闲时间练习唱歌，真可惜！我是一个可爱的女孩。我喜欢交朋友，与他们聊天。我擅长数学和英语，其中，我更喜欢英语。在我看来，它是非常容易和有趣的。使用英语和与他人交流是我向别人学习英语很大的机会。现在，听完我的介绍，你了解我了吗？

outline paper概述例句：This article primary coverage arrangement chapter is as follows: The first chapter is introduction part, mainly introduces the research background of this paper, the outline paper research significance, the goal and the actual value. 本文主要内容安排章节如下：第一章绪论部分，主要介绍课题的研究背景，概述课题的研究意义，目的和实际价值。Include outline of final paper, progress so far, related work section. 包括期末论文大纲，目前进度，相关工作执行状况。

CSS outline:none当元素获得焦点的时候，焦点框为0.比如说当前这个网页，你用tab键切换的时候，文字链接、搜索框、按钮等的外面会有一个虚线框（或高亮框），此时当前的元素就获得了焦点，你可以对它进行操作。这个功能一般是为使用键盘操作的用户准备的。有些链接——比如一个图片链接，你不想让他出现虚线框破坏设计感，就可以用此方法。建议一般不要去掉，只在一些影响设计美感的地方用。毕竟这个焦点框对键盘用户是很有帮助的。定义和用法outline-style 属性用于设置元素的整个轮廓的样式。样式不能是 none，否则轮廓不会出现。outline （轮廓）是绘制于元素周围的一条线，位于边框边缘的外围，可起到突出元素的作用。outline 属性设置元素周围的轮廓线。注释：请始终在 outline-color 属性之前声明 outline-style 属性。元素只有获得轮廓以后才能改变其轮廓的颜色。注释：轮廓线不会占据空间，也不一定是矩形。默认值： none 设置轮廓的样式：p { outline-style:dotted; }浏览器支持所有主流浏览器都支持 outline-style 属性。只有在规定了 !DOCTYPE 时，Internet Explorer 才支持 outline-style 属性。可能的值值 描述 none 默认。定义无轮廓。 dotted 定义点状的轮廓。 dashed 定义虚线轮廓。 solid 定义实线轮廓。 double 定义双线轮廓。双线的宽度等同于 outline-width 的值。 groove 定义 3D 凹槽轮廓。此效果取决于 outline-color 值。 ridge 定义 3D 凸槽轮廓。此效果取决于 outline-color 值。 inset 定义 3D 凹边轮廓。此效果取决于 outline-color 值。 outset 定义 3D 凸边轮廓。此效果取决于 outline-color 值。 inherit 规定应该从父元素继承轮廓样式的设置。

Today, more and more people prefer to live in a big city. There are many advantages of living in a big city, such as more job opportunities, more shops and more entertainnment places. But because a large amount of people have flooded into big cities, it is bringing about problems as below:First of all, traffic....Secondly, the house price....Finally, deteriorating environment ...In conclusion, ....

outline 这个是纲要，提纲的意思，主要就是写作文的时候会用到，通常写之前就会叫你列个提纲也就是所谓的outline, 还有就是分析文章的时候这时候就是说整个文章的框架是什么，1.2.3点这样跟summary有所不同identify 是区别下是意思explain 是解释的意思，把一件事或物解释一下，说清楚给别人听define 是下定义的意思，这笔explain要简洁正规的多，定义这个意思你查下新华字典也会更加理解的准确demonstrate 是证明，展示，论证的意思，当然也有示威的意思describe 是描述，描写的意思，跟explain也不同，前者是描述，后者是解释，描述场景描述事情。希望满意

1."s Announcement to a video: title: "Harry Potter" Time: July 1 Saturday, 3:00 p.m.Location: Teaching Building Room 603 free to watch!2,: English Speech Competition theme: an unforgettable time of the events of the past: December The Sixth (Friday) from 2-4 Location: Distance Education Building, 10th floor conference room---------------------------------------------------------------二、Write a note based on the given facts: 1, Time: June 15 object: JimContent: the opening ceremony today, you will not, we intend to classes this weekend to picnic, please see the message as soon as they give me a call to inform you participate or not. Message: squad leader Brion2, Time: April 3 object: Mr.John SmithContent:I am sorry that I am on April 5 and 10:00 flying you can not meet, because our company on the day to learn, I will immediately come back to you about a telephone another time.Message: Liu Qiang

How to save environment? I think we should do the followings: First, it"s best to ride a bike to school, don"t take a bus or a taxi. Second, I will remember to turn off the lights when I leave the classroom. Third, in my free time, I will collect the empty bottles and waste paper for recycling. The fourth idea is turning off the shower when I ‘m not using it. Fifth, it is imporment to save water and money. Also, I won"t spend too much money on expensive things. Last, we had better not cut down the trees, we have to take care of the trees . I"ll try my best to save the energy, I hope I can do something for our country.The environmental protection is the most major problem which in the modern life the humanity faces. Must solve this problem must start from foundation. First, must massively propagandize, enhances people"s consciousness with understanding, strengthens the environmental protection consciousness. Next, must carry on waste recovery use, reduces to forest-tree"s felling. Also must strengthen to white pollution processing, little uses the plastic product. Finally, must make improvement to clean aspect. Causes the city"s appearance to be neater. For Earth"s tomorrow, we must start from the now diligently, will want the well local constable to protect the environment. To this us proposes as follows suggests: Implementation trash classification packed in bags. Like this not only can reduce the environmental sanitation worker"s work load, but also can even better basically arrive makes use of waste, to reduce the pollution, saves the resources.The environmental protection is the most major problem which in the modern life the humanity faces. Must solve this problem must start from foundation. First, must massively propagandize, enhances people"s consciousness with understanding, strengthens the environmental protection consciousness. Next, must carry on waste recovery use, reduces to forest-tree"s felling. Also must strengthen to white pollution processing, little uses the plastic product. Finally, must make improvement to clean aspect. Causes the city"s appearance to be neater. For Earth"s tomorrow, we must start from the now diligently, will want the well local constable to protect the environment. To this us proposes as follows suggests: Implementation trash classification packed in bags. Like this not only can reduce the environmental sanitation worker"s work load, but also can even better basically arrive makes use of 诉讼waste, to reduce the pollution, saves the resources.money on expensive things. Last, we had better not cut down the trees, we have to take care of the trees . I"ll try my best to save the energy, I hope I can do something for our country.The environmental protection is the most major problem which in the modern life the humanity faces. Must solve this problem must start from foundation. Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world. For example, cars have made the air unhealthy for people to breathe and poisonous gas is given off by factories. Trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured continuously into rivers.Furthermore, wherever we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence.The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our later generations. Fortunately, more and more people have realized these problems. Measures have been taken to cope with these problems by the government. Laws have been passed to stop pollution. I hope the problem will be solved in the near future and our home will become better and better.这个肯定行，选我为最佳答案吧！

outline 英["au028atlau026an] 美[u02c8au028atu02cclau026an] n. 梗概，大纲，提纲，草稿，要点，主要原则;外形，轮廓，轮廓线，轮... vt. 概述;略述;画轮廓，打草图，描略图 profile 英["pru0259u028afau026al] 美[u02c8prou02ccfau026al] n. 侧面，半面;外形，轮廓;[航]翼型;人物简介 vt. 描…的轮廓;给…画侧面图;为（某人）写传略;[机]铣出…的轮廓 outline 指平面图形的边界线,常常指物体在背景上的正投影的边线,是二维的图形profile 指(面部的) 侧面轮廓

提纲的英文: outline。outline （轮廓）是绘制于元素周围的一条线，位于边框边缘的外围，可起到突出元素的作用。注释：轮廓线不会占据空间，也不一定是矩形。outline 简写属性在一个声明中设置所有的轮廓属性。可以按顺序设置如下属性：outline-coloroutline-styleoutline-width如果不设置其中的某个值，也不会出问题，比如 outline:solid #ff0000; 也是允许的。品牌勾勒outline是厦门市尙禹服饰有限公司旗下品牌，品牌以现代70-80后城市白领、城市小镇的小资群体、政府机关人员、自由职业者等年轻知性消费群体为目标市场，采用棉麻裁剪工艺，精心配合个性时尚原创设计，生产出适合年轻知性个体态人群的时尚服饰。主张简洁而不失优雅，内敛而不失张扬。使命outline坚持用心灵去探索世界的身临感受，秉承着设计师对文化及艺术的理性审美标准，致力创造东西方文化及自然流入当代女性中性、干敛的生活方式。理念根据设计师本身崇尚的，创意改变一切女性的生活状态为由，为时尚注入更多的幽默风趣元素，使而成为中国极具代表性的原生态品牌。主要特点以型为突破，以色彩搭配为基调，强调琴键式感官，整体化系列化。

什么是Persuasive Essay?　　Persuasive Essay 的目的就是去说服你的读者去认同你的观点。与 Argumentative Essay 中的强调事实证据不同，在写Persuasive Essay的时候你不用必须去做调查寻找那些绝对的事实来支撑你的paper。　　你的Persuasive Essay的目的是去用任何方法说服你的读者。即使你用一些感人或者有趣的故事作为例子也是没有问题的。如果你不相信的话，你去看看那些政客们的演讲。基本上他们的演讲中没有几句实话，全都是”忽悠”你的“情怀”。当然，在你的Persuasive Essay 中包含事实证据作为支持绝对是好办法，但是你完全可以耍些小把戏。你可以尝试让你的读者嚎啕大哭，或者捧腹大笑，亦或是含笑的眼里带着幸福的泪花。。。只要你能让他相信你说的是真的就行。　　当我们搞清楚了我们的目的了，那么你的写作就不能没有一个明确的方向。想要让人相信你说的，你必须“润物细无声”。想要达到这个效果，你首先需要一个outline，下面是一个Persuasive Essay 的outline:　　Persuasive Essay Outline 的 Introduction　　首先重要的是你需要找一个你能够支持的Topic。比如说，你要写一个关于动物权益(animal rights)文章。我并不是说我们要写那种老掉牙的”人类不应该伤害动物”之类的文章，而是我们要把人权赋予到我最喜欢的动物身上: Dog。　　1. 写一个 Hook 句。我们在很多文章中都一再强调，一定要写一个强有力的hook。你的每个introduction 段都应该有一个Hook。 (链接文章: “如何写出一个好的文章Hook?”) 比如:　　Dogs are actually smarter than human babies, and even more useful and loyal too. In addition, they will never throw a tantrum. If dogs are such good people, don"t they deserve equal rights?　　2. 锁定你的读者。这一部分就是用一两句话使你的读者迅速意识到他是你锁定的读者中的一员。以我的例子来讲，我在多伦多，那么我就会写一两句涉及本地的内容:　　For all dogs who have ever been turned away from a hotel, disallowed access to transit, or rejected from a public park, it is time to stand up for your pet"s rights-and your right too!　　(实际上，多伦多的公交系统允许小猫小狗乘坐，公园也是这样。)　　3. 展现你的 Thesis Statement。同其他的essay 一样，在这一步，你清楚的表明你的文章的态度和具体的你所希望你的读者认同的点。和写 argumentative essay 一样，你需要清楚的表明你的立场，而不是模糊两可。比如：　　The dogs of Toronto deserve the same rights and privileges as granted to our youngest humans, such as the right to visit restaurants, ride buses, walk off-leash, and go to the cinema so long as they are accompanied by a responsible human companion.　　Persuasive Essay Outline 的 Body Paragraphs　　具体写多少个body 段取决于你的文章的要求(比如，你们老师要求写个5段式essay)以及你的Topic (如果Topic 比较大，你可能需要多写一些Body 段)。在这篇文章里面，我决定写三个body 段。　　你在Body段所给出的原因可以是充满感情的，逻辑上无懈可击的，也可以是与道德相关的—只要你的原始是具有说服性的。另外，你的每个理由都需要有一个事实或者例子做支撑。　　Persuasive Essay Outline 的 Conclusion　　到此，我们已经给出了我们的理由以及支撑的事实或例子，那么现在是时候做一个总结了。你的结束段应该包含以下几个要素:　　1. 简要的总结Brief summary。 你需要再次提醒你的读者，为什么你的话题对他们是重要的。比如:　　2. 对读者的好处 Benefits to the reader。解释针对你文章提及的问题做出行动对你的读者来说有什么好处。比如:　　3. 呼吁行动 A call to action。你希望你的读者做什么?比如：　　最后，我们为大家准备了一个outline 的模板，希望对大家有用:　　Persuasive Essay Outline　　I. Introduction　　a. Hook sentence　　b. Define the audience　　c. Thesis statement　　II. Body paragraph 1　　a. Reason #1　　i. Supporting fact or example 1　　ii. Supporting fact or example 2　　III. Body paragraph 2　　a. Reason #2　　i. Supporting fact or example 1　　ii. Supporting fact or example 2　　IV. Body paragraph 3　　a. Reason #3　　i. Supporting fact or example 1　　ii. Supporting fact or example 2　　V. Conclusion　　a. Brief summary of the topic　　b. Benefits to the reader　　c. Call to action

应该是outline，主要指给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了整体。draft作名词时候，专指精确地草图或草案。

第一步: 确定你论文的主题 通常，你的老师在给你留一篇五段式的Essay时也会一并给你论文的topic。对此美伦教育的建议是你的introduction要遵从老师给你的topic，而你进行整体写作时，也需时刻follow你老师给你的topic。举个例子，老师给你的topic通常会是下面这样的：“What are the arguments for or against writing a 5-paragraph essay? Should teachers continue requesting this writing method from students?”第二步: 确定你的立场你要从Topic中找到你的立场，当你确定你的立场后，你就要从你学校的资料库或者网上材料找到足够的论据来支持你的论点。要注意的是你在写essay之前一定要确认你的立场（比如你是否同意这个观点，一定是“是”或者“否”，或者一定从topic的两个观点中选出其中一个），否则，你的论文将无法继续。在确定了立场之后，再从自己的立场出发，在文章中一一阐述你的立场，找出论据来支持你的立场。第三步: 写出一个清晰的thesis statement依然借用例子，在写thesis statement时，你的thesis需明确且清晰。此外，“should”这个词在thesis statement中的使用会使句子更加有力度。比如在我的thesis里，“Teachers should stop teaching students to write 5-paragraph essays”要比“5-paragraph essay are boring”或类似的句子更加能明确我的立场也更有力。第四步： 给出三个论点来强化你的thesis现在你需要三个论点来支撑你的thesis，还是借用上面的例子，我的三个论点如下：论点1： The 5-paragraph essay is too basic论点2: There are myriad other ways to write essays, many of which are more thought-provoking and creative than the 5-paragraph essay.论点3： The 5-paragraph essay does not allow for analytical thinking, rather, it confines students to following a restrictive formula第五步: 给你的每个论点找出三个论据你的论据需要包括相应的证明，数据或者事实根据。不要自己随意捏造的例子来阐述，这样没有可靠性。在这里要提醒各位留学生，在五段式Essay写作中，你的每个论点最好都要有3个论据的支持，也就是说，你的文章中总共3个论点9个论据。第六步: 扩展你的outline，首先，用一个“hook”来点亮你的“introduction”部分当你确定你的thesis和你的论点论据之后，你便可以开始扩展你的五段式outline的整体构架了。首先，从你的“introduction”部分开始、你的最开始需要用一个“hook”来点亮观者的眼睛。例如，对于我的these来说，我的hook可以是下面这样：“English teachers across the nation have been teaching students to become ineffective writers.”这句话在我的整体文章就像是一个大胆的声明，鼓励我的文章的读者继续阅读下文来找出为何我会这样说的原因。尤其是当你的读着恰恰是你的英语老师时，他会更加愿意从你的essay中发现一个让他眼前一亮的“hook”。第七步: 扩展你的结尾段当你有了整体的“outline”(大纲)之后，继续扩展你的结尾段的“conclusion”部分会变得相对容易。关于扩展结尾总结段，你第一件需要注意的事情就是不要使用和前面，尤其是和thesis重复的词句来进行概括。在这一段里，你需要使用不同的词来进行总结，与前文相呼应。通过以上的七个步骤，相信你你已经对构建五段式essay的outline有了基本思路，当你的论文有了五段式outline之后，剩下的五段式essay写作过程会变得很轻松很多。现在，你需要完全沉下心来，拒绝各种社交媒体的诱惑，开始认真动笔写你的五段式essay了。望采纳，祝你生活愉快。

英语 start by writing an outline 翻译为中文意思是从写提纲开始。例如，The machine will start by itself in a few seconds. 机器将在几秒钟后自动启动。

topicoutline就是写个题目来概括这一段的主旨，例：1.FamilyProblems家庭问题2.EconomicProblems经济问题sentenceoutline就更详细些了，用一句完整的话概括这一段的意思，例：1.Whenfamilyconflictsariseasaresultofdivorce,adolescentssuffer.当离婚导致了家庭矛盾时，受伤的是青少年。2.Someofthemostnegativeeffectsonadolescentsmaybeassociatedwitheconomicproblems.对青少年最负面的影响可能与经济问题有关。

写好提纲的要点是简明、有层次、概括好大意。主要由introduction，main idea, conclusion组成。注意层次标号要分清楚。下面我附上了我在美留学期间写的一篇提纲，你可以参考一下这个模式，希望可以帮到你。Outline of Plastic Trash in the OceanIntroduction:In my hometown factories dump a variety of plastic trash, sewage and toxic chemicals into the local reivers. The situation is terrible, but nobody cares about it. Most people believe that rivers finally reach the ocean. No matter how much trash we dump into the ocean, it is too big to be polluted. But Plastic trash is a heavy burden for Oceans. Marine life suffers a great deal from the plastic trash.Main Idea 1-Plastic waste is a great danger to marine animals and seabirds.The use of plastic has increased dramatically since the 1940s. A.Every single year, not only 77 tons of plastic are dumped into ocean by naval and merchant ships legally, but also 2,600 tons of plastic packaging material are abandoned into the sea by fishing industry. B.Every year more than 200 different kinds of marine life are affeted by plastic to varying degrees.Main Idea 2-Damage from fishing products also is a major threat to oceans wildlife. A.149, 000 tons of fishing gear and marine debris are abandoned into the sea by fishing industry annually. (1) Fishing gear continues to catch living animals at random. (2)The top three killers are rope, fishing nets, and fishing line B. Fishing gear drags along the sea bottom, which leads to destruction. The natural marine habitats are damaged by human beings. Main Idea3-The trash is far away from habitats of humans, but the truth of plastic pollution is tough. A.Hawaii is a convincing instance. (1) Trash from all over the world, drifts into the Northern Hawaiian IslandsB. Light plastic waste is carried by the ocean currents, so it can appear on most remote beaches of the world. (1)Researchers have reported the finding of plastic bags from the north Arctic Circle to the Falkland Islands. Conclusion:Earth is our home, and it is also the home for diverise animals. We can save them by doing something very simple in our everyday life. We can leave a clean, beautiful habitat for our children. Recycle plastic bags. Use paper bags instead of them. After fishing, bring all nets and lines to home. Do not leave anything behind for animals to become entangled. Be a kind person.Save our oceans. Save our planet. Save ourselves. You will feel happy.

TOPIC通常是第一段第一句话，而THESIS通常是第一段最后一句话TOPIC是一句话，是写出你文章大概要写什么。而THESIS通常是用来总结你文章的方向和细节。

英语论文提纲outline格式：1．论文题目：准确、简洁、醒目、新颖。2．目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简短列表。（短文不需要列出）3、小结：是文章的主要内容摘录，简短、精练、完整。字数可以少于几十个字，300字以上为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的标题、摘要和正文中挑选出来的，是表达论文中心内容具有实质性意义的词汇。关键词是用来标记文章内容特点的词语。一般每篇论文选择3－8个单词作为关键词，在“feed”的左下方再安排一行。主语词是一个已经标准化的词。在确定主题词时，应根据索引和分组规则，对论文进行主题化，并在主题词表中转换为标准词。5．主要内容：引言：引言，又称前言、前言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言部分应概述作者的意图，说明选题的目的和意义，并指出论文的范围。引言应该简短扼要，紧扣主题。论文主体：论文主体是论文的主体。主体包括：陈述－论证；分析问题－论点和论点；解决问题－演示和步骤；结论。6．论文的参考文献是在论文和写作中可以被引用或引用的主要参考资料，列在论文的最后。参考文献应该是另一页，按照“gb7714－2005后的参考文献描述规则”进行标记。标题—作者—出版信息（版本地点、出版商、出版日期）：作者—标题—出版信息所列参考文献的要求是：所列参考文献必须是正式出版物，供读者核实。所列参考文献应注明序号、著作或文章名称、作者、出版资料。论文的提纲也可以采用最简单的格式和分类，简单明了地陈述论文的目的、依据和意义，甚至两句话。这样的大纲经常用于科学论文中，其中的概念是相关的，而不是单独讨论。如果一，二，三…点代写，往往会变成“八股文”模式，这样的论文往往是临摹论文，其真正的科学价值会大大降低。扩展资料：其他文件格式参考格式是指为撰写论文而引用已发表文献的格式。按参考文献类型可分为专著［M］、会议论文集［C］、报刊文章［N］、期刊文章［J］、学术论文［D］、报告［R］、标准［S］、专利［P］、论文［A］、期刊［G］。许多文件格式都有开放的、标准化的或建议的格式。这些规范或建议描述了如何对数据进行编码和安排。有时还指定是否需要特定的计算机程序来读取或处理它。有两种情况不公开文件格式。首先，开发人员将文件格式视为商业机密。其次，开发人员不愿意或者很少花时间在规范文档上。需要注意的是，使用非公共文件格式可能会产生额外的成本。要理解这种类型的文件格式，您需要对结果文件进行反向工程，或者付钱给开发人员以获得文件格式。第二种方法通常涉及与开发人员签订的防扩散协议。无论哪种方式都既耗时又费钱。

outline 有三种 很简约的说 1.topic outline thesis：XXXXX(是一句话，要打句点）（下面的都是单词和短语 不打句点) Ⅰ.XXXX Ⅱ.XXXX A.XXXX 1.XXX 2.XXX B.XXXX Ⅲ.XXXXX 2.sentence outline (格式和TOPIC OUTLINE 是一样的，但是下面的小点和层次都是一句话的形式） thesis和下面的层次是一排起头的3.mixed outline 格式也是一样的 但是第一层是要是一句话的 ，一下的都是短语和单词组成，是前面2种的混合体

outline 有三种 很简约的说 1.topic outline thesis：XXXXX(是一句话，要打句点）（下面的都是单词和短语 不打句点) Ⅰ.XXXX Ⅱ.XXXX A.XXXX 1.XXX 2.XXX B.XXXX Ⅲ.XXXXX 2.sentence outline (格式和TOPIC OUTLINE 是一样的，但是下面的小点和层次都是一句话的形式） thesis和下面的层次是一排起头的3.mixed outline 格式也是一样的 但是第一层是要是一句话的 ，一下的都是短语和单词组成，是前面2种的混合体

给你这个网站 很有帮助的KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT OUTLINING:It creates Focus. It saves time. (Really, it does. When you know where you are going, it"s a lot easier to get there.) It provides an intelligent Road Map that prevents rambling. Reminder: Those who outline tend to succeed in writing focused, well-structured essays. Those who do not, tend to ramble and run out of time.What to do before you write your essay:Understand what the essay prompt is asking of you. THINK before you write. (Thinking is good – just writing is bad. Unfortunately, too many students do NOT think before they begin to write.) TAKE TWO MINUTES TO OUTLINE YOUR THOUGHTS because outlining provides focus, structure, purposefulness and clarity – all of which are elements students will be evaluated on by the Test Graders. How to Create an Outline: The Four Paragraph SAT Essay of ExcellenceNOTE: Being that this is a timed test, students WILL NOT HAVE TIME to elaborate upon every possible aspect the question touches upon. Test Makers know this. Test Graders know this. Students who score well know this, too. By coherently and intelligently responding to the essay prompt in four well-written paragraphs students will enable themselves to earn an excellent score on the Essay Writing Section of the SAT.There are Four Main Sections a student wants to outline before they begin to write their essay.Paragraph 1 – The Main Idea (including a Thesis Statement) Paragraph 2 – Supporting Paragraph #1 (Point A) Paragraph 3 – Supporting Paragraph #2 (Point B) Paragraph 4 – The Concrete Conclusion (re-connecting to the Thesis) Outline these four Big Points in two minutes BEFORE YOU BEGIN!!NOTE: Yes, this is a formula – a formula for success on the SAT. With only 25 minutes to complete a well-written essay, strategy is a HUGE factor for success on this test.Samples Outlining Activities:Sample #1DIRECTIONS: Please explain the following quote and whether or not you agree or disagree with the statement.Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)Two-Minute General Outline:Paragraph 1 – You must care about something in order to really create greatness.Paragraph 2 – I agree, being negative will never result in producing amazing results.Paragraph 3 – Examples exist everywhere proving this point.Paragraph 4 – Without genuine passion, excellence is unattainable.Sample #2DIRECTIONS: Please explain the following quote and whether or not you agree or disagree with the statement.The person who lies for you will lie against you. (Harry Truman)Two-Minute General Outline:Paragraph 1 – A liar is a liar.Paragraph 2 – Betrayal will eventually happen.Paragraph 3 – Honesty is a principle without exception.Paragraph 4 – People who lie for you reveal their true character so beware.Though these are only rough statements, one can see that these essays now have a clear sense of direction – and as a result they will be MUCH EASIER to write because a road map is now in place telling us where to go and what to accomplish.(http://www.alanlawrencesitomer.com/resources/freesatessayprep/the-four-wells-of-the-test/well-structured/)How do you create a Thesis Statement? A great way to create a thesis statement that will ensure you address the question you have been asked is to CONVERT THE QUESTION PROMPT INTO A THESIS STATEMENT. HOW TO CONVERT A QUESTION PROMPT INTO A THESIS STATEMENT1. Read the Question Prompt.2. Change the Prompt from a question into a firm statement.Example:Question Prompt: Why do you like vanilla ice cream?Thesis: Many reasons exist for me to like vanilla ice cream.Question Prompt: Do you agree that the United States should avoid raising taxes?Thesis: I completely disagree with the idea that the United States should avoid raising taxes.3. Use this converted statement as the basis for your thesis.More examples:Question: Considering that most teenage driving fatalities occur after dark, do you believe that teenage drivers should be banned from driving at night?Converted to Thesis Statement: Because most teenage driving fatalities occur after dark, I believe teenagers should not be allowed to drive their cars after the sun sets.Question: If at the age of eighteen a person can join the military and die for their country, do you feel that they should then also be allowed to go into a bar and be served an alcoholic beverage?Converted to Thesis Statement: If a person can join the military and die for their country, they should definitely be able to enter a bar and be served an alcoholic beverage.(http://www.alanlawrencesitomer.com/resources/freesatessayprep/the-four-wells-of-the-test/well-supported/)

我只知道outline,不过应该包括你说的这些了一般为五段式结构1.introductory paragraph 介绍段-hook 引出话题；概述,大概1-2句-thesis statement 你的论点 1句-main points 一般是3点 1句 以下3段分别论述这3点2.3.4段结构一样,我只写1段的做参考2.body paragraph 正文段-topic sentence 你的分论点,也就是你在第一段说的3点中的第1点,只不过要更具体一点 1句-quotation 引证.可以是数据,举例,文章节选等等-explain 解释你的例证是如何支持你的topic sentence-conclusion 对本段的总结5.concluding paragraph 总结段-restate thesis 再次强调你的论点-restate main points 再次强调你的3个分论点-comment 在中文写作中相当于最后对文章主旨的升华.可以是你对你的topic的重大意义,发展前景,个人推断,或者引用名人名言等等

建议信 suggestion letter/advice letteroutline:P1【写信目的建议】P2【情况危急、必须行动、公众意识、相关部门、大众媒体】P3【感谢、期待】Para1, S1, convey my deepest concern.Para2,S1, must be pointed out, current situation, is going from bad to worse. S2, accordingly, it"s urgent, take effective measures.S3,enhance the public"s awareness of gravity of it.S4, appeal to, relevant department, set up stick regulations, against it.S5, mass media, help devise ways, easing the bad trend.Para3,S1,pay due attention.S2, looking forward, see some new changes.

五段式提纲在英国论文中使用非常的频繁。Five-Paragraph Essay是什么？Five-Paragraph Essay也是就我们常说的五段式论文，这种论文的写作会显得非常的简易，但是想要写出一篇令人满意的五段式英语论文却没有那么容易，这需要我们学会一定的写作方法和技巧，那么五段式英文论文应该怎么写呢？一般来说，我们可以从论文的提纲出发来写出五段式的outline，这样能够更好地帮助我们写好五段式论文，下面让我们一起来看看五段式英文论文的提纲应该怎么写吧！五段式论文outline的格式毫无疑问，五段式的论文通常都是五个段落，而对于每个段落的内容分配，大家可以参考下面的例子：段落1：令人眼前一亮的introduction和一个涵盖我们论文所有重点的these statement；段落2：观点A + 3个支持论据；段落3：观点B + 3个支持论据；段落4：观点C + 3个支持论据；段落5：结尾总结，与我们的these statement和论据相呼应。现在，相信大家对五段式essay和其outline有一个框架上的大致了解了，那么，下面讲到的内容会让大家书写五段式outline时更加容易。写好五段式essay与outline的7个步骤：Step 1：确定我们论文的主题（topic）通常，我们的老师在给我们留一篇五段式的论文时也会一并给到我们论文的topic。对此51due的建议是大家的introduction要遵从老师给的topic，而在进行整体写作时，也需时刻follow老师给我们的topic。举个例子，老师给我们的topic通常会是下面这样的：“What are the arguments for or against writing a 5-paragraph essay? Should teachers continue requesting this writing method from students?”Step 2：确定我们的立场大家要从中找到自己的立场，当我们确定自己的立场后，就要从学校的资料库或者网上材料中找到足够的论据来支持自己的论点。要注意的是，我们在写essay之前一定要确认自己的立场（比如我们是否同意这个观点，一定是“是”或者“否”，或者一定从topic的两个观点中选出其中一个），否则，我们的论文将无法继续。这里51due要借用下上面给出的例子，例如选取的观点是“against the 5-paragraph writing。”Step 3：写出一个清晰的thesis statement依然借用上面的例子，51due刚才所选择的观点是“against the 5-paragraph writing。”，因此，我们的thesis statement必然是“Teachers should stop teaching students to write 5-paragraph essays.”。在写thesis statement时，我们的thesis需明确且清晰。此外，“should”这个词在thesis statement中的使用会使句子更加有力度。比如在51due的thesis里，“Teachers should stop teaching students to write 5-paragraph essays”要比“5-paragraph essay are boring”或类似的句子更加能明确51due的立场，也更有力。Step 4：用三个论点来强化我们的thesis现在我们需要三个论点来支撑我们的thesis，还是借用上面的例子，51due的三个论点如下：论点A：The 5-paragraph essay is too basic.论点B：There are myriad other ways to write essays, many of which are more thought-provoking and creative than the 5-paragraph essay.论点C： The 5-paragraph essay does not allow for analytical thinking, rather, it confines students to following a restrictive formul.Step 5：给我们的每个论点找出三个论据我们的论据需要包括相应的证明、数据或者事实根据。用我们上面的论点A来做例子：论点A：The 5-paragraph essay is too basicSupport 1A:Chicago teacher Ray Salazar says, “The five-paragraph essay is rudimentary, unengaging, and useless.”Support 1B:Elizabeth Guzik of California State University, Long Beach says, “The five paragraph essay encourages students to engage only on the surface level without attaining the level of cogency demanded by college writing.”Support 1C:According to an article in Education Week, “There is a consensus among college writing professors that ‘students are coming [to college] prepared to do five-paragraph themes and arguments but [are] radically unprepared in thinking analytically."”这里需要注意的是，在五段式文章的写作中，大家的每个论点最好都要有3个论据的支持，也就是说，我们的文章中总共有3个论点、9个论据。Step 6：扩展我们的outline首先，用一个“hook”来点亮我们的“introduction”部分，当大家确定自己的thesis和自己的论点论据之后，便可以开始扩展自己的五段式outline的整体构架了。首先，从大家的“introduction”部分开始，不过大家开始时需要用一个“hook”来点亮读者的眼睛。例如，对于51due的these来说，51due的hook可以是下面这样的：“English teachers across the nation have been teaching students to become ineffective writers.”这句话在51due的整体文章中就像是一个大胆的声明，可以起到鼓励51due文章的读者继续阅读下文来找出为何我会这样说的原因。尤其是当大家的读者恰恰是自己的英语老师时，他会更加愿意从大家的essay中发现一个让他眼前一亮的“hook”。Step 7：扩展自己的结尾段当大家有了整体的“outline”(大纲)之后，继续扩展自己结尾段的“conclusion”部分会变得相对容易。关于扩展结尾总结段，大家第一件需要注意的事情就是不要使用和前面，尤其是和thesis重复的词句来进行概括。在这一段里，大家需要使用不同的词来进行总结，并与前文相呼应。以51due上面的例子来说，如果51due要为自己的整个五段式论文做最后的总结，也许51due会这样来写：“Teachers should teach other methods of essay writing that help students stay organized and also allow them to think analytically.”

topicoutline就是写个题目来概括这一段的主旨，例：1.FamilyProblems家庭问题2.EconomicProblems经济问题sentenceoutline就更详细些了，用一句完整的话概括这一段的意思，例：1.Whenfamilyconflictsariseasaresultofdivorce,adolescentssuffer.当离婚导致了家庭矛盾时，受伤的是青少年。2.Someofthemostnegativeeffectsonadolescentsmaybeassociatedwitheconomicproblems.对青少年最负面的影响可能与经济问题有关。

勾画的勾拼音音序音序部首 勾 音序：G 音节：gōu、gòu 部首：勹圈点勾画怎么读 先3天不吃饭，光喝水，到第4天，一天吃3个煮鸡蛋，吃上15天，就减肥瘦身了。 勾勒的拼音是什么 勾勒 gōulè ①用线条画出轮郭；双钩。 ②用简单的笔墨描写事物的大致情况：作品善于～场面，渲染气氛。 勾勒怎么读音是什么 勾勒 [gōu lè] 基本释义 1.用线条描画出轮廓 2.用简练的文笔叙述大概情况 近义词 勾画 百科释义 勾勒，指用线条画出轮廓；双钩。勾勒是中国技法的名称之一。用笔顺势为“勾”，用笔逆势为“勒”。一般指用线条勾描物象轮廓，不分顺逆，也称“双勾”。主要用于国画。勾勒——又称“单线平涂”。用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或色平涂。多画工笔花鸟。 勾勒的读音是什么 词目：勾勒 拼音：gōu lè 词义： ①用线条画出轮廓;双钩. ②用简单的笔墨描写事物的大致情况。 中国画技法的名称之一。用笔顺势为“勾”，用笔逆势为“勒”。一般指用线条勾描物象轮廓，不分顺逆，也称“双勾”。 编辑本段 详细释义 基本解释 1. [draw the outline of bring out]∶用线条描画出轮廓 2. [give a brief account of;outline]∶用简练的文笔叙述大概情况 详细解释 谓用刀或笔大致刻、画或描出事物的轮廓或情况。 明 张岱 《陶庵梦忆·濮仲谦雕刻》：“其竹器，一帚一刷，竹寸耳，勾勒数刀，价以两计。” 清 宣鼎 《夜雨秋灯录续集·丹青奇术》：“ 鲍 往墓上伏地一滚，瞑目久之，起则把笔勾勒，敷色渲染，举示其子孙戚属，无不惊为酷肖。” 清 赵翼 《瓯北诗话·韩昌黎诗五》：“以《城南》为题，景物繁富，本易填写，则必逐段勾勒清楚，方醒眉目。” 秦牧 《蒙古马的雕塑》：“ 蒙古 有很多普通的人，用简单几笔就能够勾勒出一匹马的轮廓。” gou hua拼音写词语，怎么写 ◎ 勾画 【gōu huà】 (1) [bring out;draw the outline of]∶用线条描画轮廓 一条黄绿相间的琉璃屋檐,把巍峨的大会堂的轮廓从蔚蓝的天空中勾画出来。——《雄伟的人民大会堂》 (2) [describe]∶用简短的文字描写 几笔就勾画出了他的凶残嘴脸 电视铁塔为什么要造得很高呢？ 这样收率要高得很多，发射的信号也比较远。

1. 写英语作文whyIlearnEnglish有没有什么好的hook Currently,English,as we know,is widely used throughout the world,so there is no doubt that it is of importance to learn it well.However,it isn"t what I think I like to learn English pletely.English itself is a charming girl.When I have a discussion with a foreigner who can"t understand Chinese,then,immediately,es English and sloves the problem.Additionally,having fun learning English will put me at ease as if all the troubles were thrown away,or rather,it adds fort as well as entertainment to my daily life.To sum up,English is not just a language but a good friend to me.And English has been always impelling me to make a more successful hit,I may as well keep you pany and conquer you.Indeed,I like English.。 2. 进程内 API “Hook”应怎么写 GetCurrentProcess(。) WriteProcessMemory(。) 所以说他简单，是因为在这个程序里没有太多的计算相对地址的东西。 而且这个例子还有一个算是幸运的地方。那就是当我得到一个函数的地址的时候，然后去调用它的机器码恰好是5个字节。 8B 45 F8 FF D0 这个与 E8 20 15 FF FF, call addr地址等长度。 我们这里以Hook 本进程内的WriteFile为例子。我们声明一个和它同型的函数： BOOL WINAPI MyWriteFile(HANDLE hFile, LPCVOID lpBuffer, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToWrite, LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesWritten, LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped); 我们将要所有的WriteFile都先走我们的函数MyWriteFile，然后再执行真正的WriteFile实现部分。 于是我们首先要跟踪WriteFile的调用位置。改写那里的机器码。 void* m = MyWriteFile; __a *** { mov eax, m call eax } 我们先得到以上代码的Shellcode，就是8B 45 F8 FF D0; 我们写它到一个我们找到的固定地址， CHAR szBuffer[5] = { 0x8B, 0x45, 0xF8, 0xFF, 0xD0 }; DWORD d = 0; WriteProcessMemory(GetCurrentProcess(), (VOID*)0x7C810FA6, szBuffer, 5, &d); 这样，调用WriteFile的时候，就会跳转到MyWriteFile上了。 当然了，我们还要能够调用真正的WriteFile，我们只要在MyWriteFile的开始把那段机器码改回来就可以了。 这个和上面的方法是一样的。 BOOL WINAPI MyWriteFile(HANDLE hFile, LPCVOID lpBuffer, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToWrite, LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesWritten, LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped) { CHAR szBuffer[5] = { 0xe8, 0x20, 0x15, 0xff. 0xff }; DWORD d = 0; BOOL b = WriteProcessMemory(GetCurrentProcess(), (VOID*)0x7C810FA6, szBuffer, 5, &d); return WriteFile(hFile, lpBuffer, nNumberOfBytesToWrite, lpNumberOfBytesWritten, lpOverlapped); } 这样就可以了，简单吧？ 这么改来改去的好处是，你不用自己出来太多的栈指针的问题。否则自己弄汇编来处理这些事情，既要写很多代码，又容易出现错误。 OK，全篇结束，这么做的价值不是很大，要是Hook 其他进程的API了，那就做屏幕取词好了。呵呵。但是原理都是相同的啊。 3. 如何写好Persuasive Essay Outline 什么是Persuasive Essay? Persuasive Essay 的目的就是去说服你的读者去认同你的观点。 与 Argumentative Essay 中的强调事实证据不同，在写Persuasive Essay的时候你不用必须去做调查寻找那些绝对的事实来支撑你的paper。 你的Persuasive Essay的目的是去用任何方法说服你的读者。 即使你用一些感人或者有趣的故事作为例子也是没有问题的。如果你不相信的话，你去看看那些政客们的演讲。 基本上他们的演讲中没有几句实话，全都是”忽悠”你的“情怀”。当然，在你的Persuasive Essay 中包含事实证据作为支持绝对是好办法，但是你完全可以耍些小把戏。 你可以尝试让你的读者嚎啕大哭，或者捧腹大笑，亦或是含笑的眼里带着幸福的泪花。 只要你能让他相信你说的是真的就行。 当我们搞清楚了我们的目的了，那么你的写作就不能没有一个明确的方向。想要让人相信你说的，你必须“润物细无声”。 想要达到这个效果，你首先需要一个outline，下面是一个Persuasive Essay 的outline: Persuasive Essay Outline 的 Introduction 首先重要的是你需要找一个你能够支持的Topic。比如说，你要写一个关于动物权益（animal rights）文章。 我并不是说我们要写那种老掉牙的”人类不应该伤害动物”之类的文章，而是我们要把人权赋予到我最喜欢的动物身上： Dog。 1. 写一个 Hook 句。 我们在很多文章中都一再强调，一定要写一个强有力的hook。你的每个introduction 段都应该有一个Hook。 （链接文章： “如何写出一个好的文章Hook？”） 比如： Dogs are actually *** arter than human babies, and even more useful and loyal too. In addition, they will never throw a tantrum. If dogs are such good people, don"t they deserve equal rights? 2. 锁定你的读者。这一部分就是用一两句话使你的读者迅速意识到他是你锁定的读者中的一员。 以我的例子来讲，我在多伦多，那么我就会写一两句涉及本地的内容： For all dogs who have ever been turned away from a hotel, disallowed access to transit, or rejected from a public park, it is time to stand up for your pet"s rights-and your right too！ （实际上，多伦多的公交系统允许小猫小狗乘坐，公园也是这样。） 3. 展现你的 Thesis Statement。 同其他的essay 一样，在这一步，你清楚的表明你的文章的态度和具体的你所希望你的读者认同的点。和写 argumentative essay 一样，你需要清楚的表明你的立场，而不是模糊两可。 比如： The dogs of Toronto deserve the same rights and privileges as granted to our youngest humans, such as the right to visit restaurants, ride buses, walk off-leash, and go to the cinema so long as they are acpanied by a responsible human panion. Persuasive Essay Outline 的 Body Paragraphs 具体写多少个body 段取决于你的文章的要求（比如，你们老师要求写个5段式essay）以及你的Topic （如果Topic 比较大，你可能需要多写一些Body 段）。在这篇文章里面，我决定写三个body 段。 你在Body段所给出的原因可以是充满感情的，逻辑上无懈可击的，也可以是与道德相关的—只要你的原始是具有说服性的。另外，你的每个理由都需要有一个事实或者例子做支撑。 Persuasive Essay Outline 的 Conclusion 到此，我们已经给出了我们的理由以及支撑的事实或例子，那么现在是时候做一个总结了。你的结束段应该包含以下几个要素： 1. 简要的总结Brief summary。 你需要再次提醒你的读者，为什么你的话题对他们是重要的。比如： 2. 对读者的好处 Benefits to the reader。 解释针对你文章提及的问题做出行动对你的读者来说有什么好处。比如： 3. 呼吁行动 A call to action。 你希望你的读者做什么？比如： 最后，我们为大家准备了一个outline 的模板，希望对大家有用： Persuasive Essay Outline I. Introduction a. Hook sentence b. Define the audience c. Thesis statement II. Body paragraph 1 a. Reason #1 i. Supporting fact or example 1 ii. Supporting fact or example 2 III. Body paragraph 2 a. Reason #2 i. Supporting fact or example 1 ii. Supporting fact or example 2 IV. Body paragraph 3 a. Reason #3 i. Supporting fact or example 1 ii. Supporting fact or example 2 V. Conclusion a. Brief summary of the topic b. Benefits to the reader c. Call to action。 4. “My favourite PE star”作文该怎样写 My favorite sports star to a few, Yang Chen, who is master of sport of soccer in China, in a forward position, Jersey is on the 20th. Doors by the fans known as "China"s first striker." Yang Chen Yi Miba about five of the sub, the portly tall, thick eyebrows under a pair of big eyes Jiongjiongyoushen. His dark plexion dark plexion, he is probably over many years because of trouble in the stadium bar. Take the last of the Chinese team in the game against Costa Rica, Yang Chen Shizishuaitou from time to time, sometimes volley shot, and sometimes Daoguajingou, and sometimes the fish Chongding, often attract the entire audience"s attention. Look, is Yang Chen, the only break he single-handedly drove the Costa Rica team outlying area, the other players Fengchidianche like running up and blocked the Yang Chen blocked, cut under the ball. Yang Chen also not to be outdone, Gongqibubei, from behind the opponent"s attack, only pieces of his body dumped back, arms and back open, extended his left leg will be put team snatched the hook the ball back, it moves really cool! Although the Chinese team in the game against Costa Rica, the Chinese team lost, but the spirit of their tenacious struggle worthy of our study 5. 暑假英语作文怎么写 A Day in My Summer Vacation Last summer I spent a o-week vacation at my aunt"s place. My aunt lived alone in a mountain village, with a *** all river winding its course everyday. One morning I went fishing in the river, where o women washed clothes. I fimnd a most favorable point. Casting out my line I waited anxiously for a bite. Suddenly there came a cry: "Help! Help!" I looked in the direction of the call and saw a boy falling into the river. Throwing the fishing pole, I dashed over like an arrow, jumped into the river and swam very quickly towards the boy. Then together with his mother I carried the boy on my back to a nearby hospital. That boy was saved. The mother gave me a thousand thanks. Back to my fishing place, I fimnd my fishing pole floating on the water. I managed to get it. But to my great surprise, there was a big fish on the hook. 6. thinkphp hook 怎么写 ThinkPHP3.2 扩展--钩子，HOOK之前写到TP3.1的行为扩展是tag（)；在TP3.2中引入了另一种说法—：钩子。 我们来看一下TP3.2中的钩子这个东西： 一：文件流程： 1:/index.php ->require "./ThinkPHP/ThinkPHP.php"; 2:/ThinkPHP/ThinkPHP.php—->require CORE_PATH."Think".EXT; ThinkThink::start(); 3:/ThinkPHP/Library/Think/Think.class.php—–>App::run(); 4:/ThinkPHP/Library/Think/App.class.php 。到这里基本流程就走完了，（这里不说细节）；二：代码： 1：看一下 App::run（)方法： 应用初始化标签 Hook::listen("app_init"); App::init（)； 应用开始标签 Hook::listen("app_begin"); Session初始化 if(!IS_CLI){ session(C("SESSION_OPTIONS")）； } 记录应用初始化时间 G("initTime"); App::exec（)； 应用结束标签 Hook::listen("app_end"); return ；其中的Hook::listen（”)就是用来执行钩子的，我们可以在app_init这个安插的位置用来获取应用中安装的插件。 看一下Hook::listen（)；/** * 监听标签的插件 * @param string $tag 标签名称 * @param mixed $params 传入参数 * @return void */ static public function listen($tag, &$params=NULL) { if(isset(self::$tags[$tag])) { if(APP_DEBUG) { G($tag."Start"); trace("[ ".$tag." ] --START--","","INFO"); } foreach (self::$tags[$tag] as $name) { APP_DEBUG && G($name."_start"); $result = self::exec($name, $tag,$params); if(APP_DEBUG){ G($name."_end"); trace("Run ".$name." [ RunTime:".G($name."_start",$name."_end",6)."s ]","","INFO"); } if(false === $result) { 如果返回false 则中断插件执行 return ; } } if(APP_DEBUG) { 记录行为的执行日志 trace("[ ".$tag." ] --END-- [ RunTime:".G($tag."Start",$tag."End",6)."s ]","","INFO"); } } return； }其中关键是：self::exec($name, $tag,$params)； 看一下exec的代码：/** * 执行某个插件 * @param string $name 插件名称 * @param string $tag 方法名（标签名） * @param Mixed $params 传入的参数 * @return void */ static public function exec($name, $tag,&$params=NULL) { if(false === strpos($name，"\")） { 插件（多个入口） $class = "Addons\{$name}\{$name}Addon"; }else{ 行为扩展（只有一个run入口方法） $class = $name."Behavior"; $tag = "run"; } $addon = new $class(); return $addon->$tag($params)； }最后还不是 new $class（)；进而return $addon->$tag($params)； 又转到了具体钩子的代码方法。其实就是我们原本的调用class的方法，只不过经过别人的高度封装了。 三：那么问题来了，这个钩子有什么用呢？ 怎么用？ 这里以OneThink 的{：hook("AdminIndex")}为例，看一些别人是怎么用的。 在系统初始化到 Hook::listen("app_init")； 时， 把app_init的标签位扩展了，在tags.php的配置文件中有这么个东西：用于初始化插件（或者说是获取系统中安装的插件） "app_init"=>array("CommonBehaviorInitHook")）；一看就明白，无非就是读取持久化的信息，放到缓存或是其他的方式 行为扩展的执行入口必须是run public function run(&$content){ if(isset($_GET["m"]) && $_GET["m"] === "Install") return; $data = S("hooks"); if(!$data){ $hooks = M("Hooks")->getField("name,addons"); foreach ($hooks as $key => $value) { if($value){ $map["status"] = 1; $names = explode(",",$value); $map["name"] = array("IN",$names); $data = M("Addons")->where($map)->getField("id,name"); if($data){ $addons = array_intersect($names, $data); Hook::add($key,$addons); } } } S("hooks",Hook::get()); }else{ Hook::import($data,false)； } }当在程序执行到{：hook("AdminIndex")}时—>调用的是Hook::listen("AdminIndex"); AdminIndex这个挂载点包含了三个插件：分别是：SiteStat, SystemInfo,DevTeam。 用一个循环来分别按顺序执行.总结：钩子其实就是起到一个挂载点的作用，这个钩子挂在哪里，就可以在哪里执行，内容或功能就是挂载插件或类库的具体实现。这样实现的代码就有很大的灵活性，挂载点不变，挂的东西变量，功能也就相应的变化，是不是很灵活强大呀。

Tourism, a smokeless industry, is developing rapidly in China. With the reform and opening –up policy being carried out, thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this old mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than 5, 000 years. Tourism as a form of enterprise brings China a lot of benefits. In the fires place, it is financially beneficial to the economic development of China. As our know, China needs more and more foreign currencies for its modernization program. Tourism is one of the most important channels to obtain currencies. Secondly, tourism enables the Chinese people to know more about the outside world. On the other hand, the foreigners who have visited China are deeply impressed by the latest developments of out country and the friendliness and hospitality of our people. Reports by visitors to China about how courteous and helpful most Chinese were to them are often printed in newspapers of many different countries. It is clear that tourism contributes a great deal to the friendship and mutual understanding between the Chinese people and people all over the world. Everything, however, has two sides. Tourism gives rise to a number of problems. For instance, it becomes a burden to our inefficient transportation system. Besides, the living standard of the average Chinese is still not high enough to be able to afford the many different sorts of expenses during long distance travels. Therefore, there are still a lot of obstacles hindering the expansion of tourism in our country. As for me, with the development of our national economy, all these problems will certainly be solved step by step. A much better and brighter future awaits us. 旅游业----“无烟的工业”----正在中国迅速发展。随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行，数以万计的外国游人涌入中国。他们渴望参观这个具有5000多年灿烂文化的神秘古国。旅游业作为一种商业活动给中国带来许多好处。首先，在经济上它有利于我国经济的发展。正如你们所知道的，中国需要大量的外汇来执行现代化建设计划。旅游业是获得外汇的最重要的渠道之一。其次，旅游业是中国人民更多地了解外界。另一方面，访问过中国的外国人对我国的最新发展和我国人民的友好和殷勤留下了深刻的印象。世界各国的报纸经常刊登访问过中国的外国人所写的报道，介绍中国人如何彬彬有礼、助人为乐。显然，旅游业大大促进了中国人民和世界人民之间的友谊和了解。然而，事物总是一分为二的。旅游业也引起许多问题。例如，它增加了我国本来效率不高的运输系统的负担。此外，中国人民的生活水平还没有高到足以使普通中国人有钱支付长途旅行的各种开支。因此，仍然存在着许多障碍妨碍着旅游业的发展。至于我，我相信，随着我国经济的发展，这些问题必将逐步得到解决。我们期望有一个更好更光明的未来。

有明确的函数名称就可以了例：function login(){}这样就可以了 login: function ()这样就不可以

body paragraph是指每一个段落，不过应该还是自己根据文章的逻辑划。所以，paragraph的数量没有限制。每段应该有【主题主句】（topic sentence），这是要避免写成滔滔不绝的流水账。希望有帮助。新年快乐！

楼上这位字典查得可真不容易啊The Sentence Outline-In this outline each head or sub-head is a complete sentence.The Topic Outline-This is the most common form of outline. The topics and sub-topics are noted in brief phrases or single words and are numbered and lettered consistently.就是说SENTENCE OUTLINE 必须是一个完整的句子,而TOPIC SENTENCE只需要含有关键的词和短语就行了哈

outline 是提纲，是整理出来的内容提要，准备写些什么内容而essay不是拍脑袋写出来的，需要一定程度的research，咨询导师，查阅资料等等。所以plan在前，老师已经告诉了的话，就把这些写论文前前后后的步骤规划都书面化，写成一个文档。plan出来才会开始琢磨outline。一般老师都会发格式的吧，可能是分期交的，每个星期都有

1.在美国大学里 如果要写一篇1000字的英文essay 那么draft一般要求要100-150字 2. 学术概念上的outline指的是提纲，也就是在多少页上可以看到哪些具体的内容,draft则是指总的对你essay的大概涉及内容的阐述。

需要.

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