被动语态

初中英语语法大全！（五）（动词）八、动词1、动词的分类：类别意义例句实义动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常吃土豆。I"m reading an English book now.我现在正看一本英文书。连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。Twins usually look the same.双胞胎通常看起来一样。The teacher became very angry.老师变得很生气。助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。He doesn"t speak English. 他不说英语。We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗？情态动词本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.这些书你可以借两个星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗？We must go now.我们现在得走了。★重要注解：(1) 关于实义动词： ① 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。② 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。③ 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing等。④ 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, wash等。⑤ 有些动词常和介词 、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如：listen,reply,wait,look.(2) 关于连系动词：① 连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。② 常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。③ 有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化：look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、 smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。[

我是这么认为的：require这个词是及物动词，它没有不及物动词形式，这点毋庸置疑。那么前面一个句子当然很好理解，是被动，因为require sth. ，所以sth. be required 这样的结构。而后一个句子，我认为是不是你理解错了，不是depots, 而是depot"s（=depot is）? 因为如果是additional supply depot is required.这就说得过去了。你认为呢？ 祝学习好！有问题可以追问哦~~~

1 Old people should be spoken politely by us . 2 A bike was given to Linda as a present by her mother. Linda was given a bike as a present by her mother .被 动 语 态一 构成：be + P.P. (过去分词) ⑴ 一般现在时： am / is / are + P.P.⑵ 一般过去时： was / were + P.P.⑶ 现在进行时： am / is / are + being + P.P.⑷ 过去进行时： was / were + being + P.P.⑸ 一般将来时： will / shall + be + P.P.⑹ 过去将来时： would / should + be + P.P.⑺ 现在完成时： have / has + been + P.P.⑻ 过去完成时： had + been + P.P.二 用法：⑴ 不知道或者没有必要知道动作的执行者是谁。 The book is written for children .⑵ 谈话的中心是动作的承受者。 My bike was stolen . His wallet has been stolen . ⑶ 为了出于礼貌，或者不愿意说出动作的执行者是谁。 It"s hoped that you will have a chance to visit our country . I was told that Tom had stolen the book . ⑷ 汉语中有一类句子不出现主语，翻译成英语时，要用被动语态。1. It is said that … 据说 … 2. It is generally accepted that … 普遍认为 … 3. It will be said that … 有人会说 … 4. It well know that … 众所周知 … 5. It is generally considered that … 大家认为 … 6. It is believed that … 有人相信 … 7. It is learned that … 据闻（悉） … 8. It is reported that … 据报导 … 9. It will be seen from this that … 由此可见 … 10. It must be pointed out that … 必须指出 … 11. It should be said that … 应该说 … 12. It is supposed that … 据推测 … 13. It may be confirmed that … 可以肯定 … 14. It is estimated that … 据估计 … 15. It is considered that … 人们认为 … 16. It will be seen that … 可见；可以看出 … 17. It must be admitted that … 必须承认 … 18. It is understood that … 不用说谁都知道 … 19. It can"t be denied that … 无可否认 … 20. It has been proved that … 已经证明 … 21. It may be safely said that … 可以有把握地说 … 22. It is expected / hoped that … 人们希望 … 23. It is sometime asked that … 人们有时会问 … 24. It is asserted that … 有人主张 … 三 一些特殊的被动结构(1) 带复合宾语的动词在变成被动语态室，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。 We always keep the room clean . --------- The room is always kept clean . (2) 主动形式表示被动意义 1. 动词want , need , require , deserve , 等后面用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。 The children need looking after . 孩子们需要照顾。 The window wants / requires repairing . 窗户需要修理。  This point deserves mentioning . 这一点值得一提。2. 形容词worth 后面加动名词的主动形式，表示被动的意义。 The book is worth reading . 这本书值得一读。3. 有些不及物动词和副词well , easily , 等连用时，如clean , cut , cook , burn , draw , play , read , sell , wash , write , 等 The cloth washes / sells well . 这布很经洗（很畅销）。 The third act plays well . 第三幕演得好。 The poem reads smoothly . 这首诗读起来很流畅。4. 有些不及物动词与can"t , won"t 等连用时， 如act , keep , lock , move , open , shut 等 The play won"t act . 这戏不宜上演。  In warm weather meat and fish won"t keep long . 天气暖了，鱼就存放不久。5. 表示“开始，结束”的动词，如begin , start , close , end , open 等 The museum opens at 8 o"clock . 博物馆8点开门。 The store closes at 10 p.m. . 商店晚上10点关门。6. 某些作表语的形容词后面，用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 The fish is not fit to eat . 这鱼不适合吃。  This kind of book isn"t fit to read . 这种书不适合看。7. 某些感官动词和系动词，如feel , look , prove , smell , sound , taste , wear 等与形容词连用时。 The water feels very cold . 这水摸起来很冷。 The dish tastes delicious . 这菜尝起来很可口。(3) 以下动词构成的句子不能改成被动句。1. 动词leave , enter , reach 等的宾语是表示处所，地点（国家，团体，组织，军队）等。2. 表示状态的动词，如become , benefit , cost , contain , equal , fit , fail , have , lack , last m mean , suit , look , like 等3. 下列不及物动词及短语动词：appear , belong to , break out , die , happen , lie , occur , rise , take place , agree with , consist of , have on , keep up with 以及一些固定的词组：keep words , lose heart , make a face 等4. 宾语是反身代词 ，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动词—ing 形式，抽象名词等。

英语被动语态的翻译 英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法, 对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的, 因为在硕士研究生入学考试中，英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。在汉语中, 也有被动语态, 通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。 对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法: 1. 翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。 (1) 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了 “加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如: 例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其它问题将简单地加以讨论。 例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。 例3.Nuclear power"s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation. 核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词—辐射来概括。 (2) 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如: 例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。 例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题) 人们常说, 电视使人了解时事, 熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化, 并能源源不断 地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。 例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. 人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。 另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is asserted that … 有人主张 …… It is believed that … 有人认为…… It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为 It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)…… It will be said … 有人会说…… It was told that … 有人曾经说…… (3) 将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如: 例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. 原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。 例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. 大战结束时, 这个组织拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。 例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考题) 许多人认为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比, 而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。 (4) 翻译成汉语的无主句。 例如: 例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. 应该尽努力告?nbsp| 年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。(82年考题) 例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat. 通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。 例4.Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. 在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也许就是气垫 船了。 例5.New source of energy must be found, and this will take time…. 必须找到新的能源，这需要时间……(91年考题） 另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is hoped that … 希望…… It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that … 据说…… It is supposed that … 据推测…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说…… It must be admitted that … 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that … 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that … 由此可见…… (5) 翻译成带表语的主动句。例如: 例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 例2.On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. (92年考题) 总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但必须具备两个条件: 能够 假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同; 他也没有 因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。 (注意上述翻译技巧在该句翻译中的综合运用。) 2. 译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示。例如: 例1.Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man. 地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。 例2.These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space. 这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。 例3.Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours. 自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。 例4.The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped. 流体在管道中流动的情况, 受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。 例5.They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites. 它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类似微星的基础材料。 例6.Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. (95年考题) 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。 例7.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (95年考题) 政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入, 还是相反, 这往 往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。 例8.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. 石油的供应可能随时会被中断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。

本文是 写作翻译频道 为您准备的《中考英语翻译重点题型讲解:被动语态》请大家参考! 　英汉两种语言都有被动语态，但由于表达习惯上的差异，英语往往习惯用被动语态来表达，而汉语则和主动语态来表达。如：That young man cannot be relied upon.译成汉语就应该是“那位年轻人不可信赖”或者“我们不能信任那位年轻人”。如果将此句译成汉语的被动句“那位年轻人不可以被信赖”，译文就会显得很别扭，不符合汉语的表达习惯。由此可见，翻译时经常进行语态的转换是十分必要的。英语中被动语态的使用十分广泛，尤其在考研翻译中，这种现象更为多见。相比之下，汉语被动语态使用的范围要小得多。因此，在英译汉时，大量被动语态的句子需要通过种种方法加以处理，以保证译文通顺流畅地表达原意。英语被动语态的汉译一般有以下几种方法。 　　一、译成汉语主动句 　　将英语被动语态译成汉语主动语态的方法一般包括以下几种： 　　(一) 保存原文主语 　　当英语被动句中的主语为无生命的名词，而且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体时，翻译时往往将原句中的主语仍然译成主语。 　　The meeting is scheduled for April 6th. 　　会议定于四月六日举行。 　　Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid. 　　水能从液体变成固体。 　　When rust is formed , a chemical change has taken place. 　　当锈形成的时候，就发生了化学变化。 　　(二) 主宾颠倒 　　英语中很多被动句子在表示行为主体的词前都加上by， 翻译时可将这类by结构中的宾语译成主语，而将原来的主语译成宾语。 　　She was given a new pen by her father. 　　她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。 　　Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change. 　　这种化学反应能放出热和光。 　　Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us. 　　现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。 　　有时英语被动句中并未出现by结构，而只是代之以一个由介词短语构成的状语。这时仍可采用主宾颠倒的译法，将介词短语中的名词或名词词组译成句子的主语。 　　Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 　　我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。 　　The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter. 　　下一章提供了有关的数据资料。 　　(三) 增加主语 　　有些英语被动句并未在句中出现表示行为主体的词或词组，在翻译这类句子时，可适当增添一些不确定的主语，如“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等。 　　The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored. 　　人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。 　　She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed. 　　有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。 　　What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change the world. 　　我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久记住。然而我们在这儿所做的事，却能改变世界。 　　二、译成汉语无主句 　　英语中有些被动句不需要或无法说出行为的主体，因此，翻译时往往译成汉语的无主句。这时，原句中的主语一般译成宾语。 　　Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly. 　　已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。 　　Water can be shown as containing impurities. 　　可以证明，水含有杂质。 　　The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end. 　　必须全部停止这种讨厌的噪声。 　　三、译成汉语判断句 　　有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作，而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述，其作用与系表结构类似。因此，翻译这种英语被动句，经常采用“是...的”判断句式。 　　The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 　　进攻的决定 　　不是轻易作出的。 　　Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 　　印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。 　　The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French revolution. 　　手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。 　　The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. 　　美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。 　　四、译成汉语被动句 　　有些英语被动句着重被动的动作，因此，翻译时仍然可以翻译成汉语的被动句，以突出英语原文的被动意义。一般说来，被动句指的是具有被动形式标记的句子。虽然英语被动语态使用范围颇广，但其被动标记却很单一，主要是“be+动词的过去分词”及其变化形式。另一方面，汉语被动句式使用较少，但其被动标记要繁杂得多。汉语中表达被动意义的语言手段主要包括使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”等等。 　　The minister was found to have appropriated government money. 　　部长被发现挪用公款。 　　He had been fired for refusing to obey orders from the head office. 　　他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。 　　The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street. 　　那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞倒了。 　　He was praised by his teacher. 　　他得到了老师的表扬。 　　Problems should be resolved in good time. 　　问题应及时加以解决。 　　For a long period to come, most of China"s elderly will continue to be provided for by their families. 　　在未来较长的一段时间里，中国的老年人仍旧要由家庭来赡养。 　　五、常用被动句型“It+被动语态+that”的翻译 　　在这种句型中，it是形式主语，that引导出的是主语从句。汉语译文习惯上采用主动语态，有时还需要增译出泛指性的主语“我们”、“人们”、“大家”、“有人”等等，有时也可译成无主语的汉语句子，并酌情加上汉语介词“根据”或“据”。 　　It is considered that bioclimatology is an involved subject. 　　有人认为，生物气候学是一门复杂的学科。 　　It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science. 　　有人强调说，科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域：自然科学和社会科学。 　　It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation. 　　应该指出，这一过程就是氧化。 　　下面是一些常用被动句型的习惯译法： 　　It is hoped that... 希望，有人希望 　　It is assumed that... 假设，假定 　　It is claimed that... 据说，有人主张 　　It is believed that... 有人想信，大家相信 　　It is reported that... 据报道，据通报 　　It is considered that... 人们认为，据估计 　　It is said that... 据说，有人说 　　It is supposed that... 据推测，人们猜测 　　It has been announced that... 已经宣布 　　It is asserted that... 有人主张 　　It is rumored that... 有人主张 　　It is rumored that... 听说，谣传 　　It is noticed that... 有人指出，人们注意到 　　It is suggested that... 有人建议，建议 　　It is reputed that... 人们认为，可以认为 　　It is learned that... 据说，据闻，已经查明 　　It is demonstrated that... 据证实，已经证明 　　It is estimated that... 据估计，有人估计 　　It is estimated that... 有人指出，人们指出 　　It is pointed out that... 有人推荐，有人建议 　　It is proposed that... 有人提出 　　It was told that... 有人曾经说 　　It was first intended that... 最初就有这样的想法 　　It will be said that... 有人会说 　　It will be seen from this that... 　　由此可见，因此可知 　　It was noted above that... 前面已经指出 　　It must be admitted that... 必须承认，老实说 　　It has been illustrated that... 据图示，据说明 　　It is stressed that... 有人强调说 　　It is stressed that... 有人列举出了 　　It can not be denied that... 无可否认 　　It can be said without exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸张的说 　　It is sometimes asked that...人们有时会问 　　It was felt that... 有人认识到了 　　It is universally accepted that... 人们普遍认为 　　It is unanimously agreed that... 大家一致同意 　　It is alleged that... 据说 　　It is calculated that... 据计算 　　It has been proved that... 已经证明 　　It has been found that... 人们已经发现 　　It is still to be hoped that... 我们仍然希望 　　It is well-known that... 众所周知，大家都知道 　　It should be realized that... 我们应该认识到……

被动语态构成be+P.P.(done)一般现在时：am∕is∕are+P.P.一般过去时：was∕were+P.P.一般将来时：will∕shall+be+P.P.过去将来时：would∕should+be+P.P.现在进行时：am∕is∕are+being+P.P.过去进行时：was∕were+being+P.P.现在完成时：have∕has+been+P.P.过去完成时：had+been+P.P.情态动词：情态动词+be+P.P.动词不定式：to+be+P.P.被动语态用法⑴不知道，或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。Thebookiswrittenforchildren.⑵谈话的中心是动作的承受者。Mybikewasstolen.⑶为了出于礼貌或者不愿意说出动作的执行者是谁。It"shopedthatyou"llhaveachancetovisitourcountry.IwastoldthatTomhadstolenthebook.⑷汉语中有一类句子不出现主语，但译成英语时要用被动语态。(24种特殊情况)(01)Itissaidthat…据说…(02)Itisconsideredthat…人们认为…(03)Itisgenerallyacceptedthat…普遍认为…(04)Itisbelievedthat…有人相信…(05)Itiswell-knownthat…众所周知…(06)Itislearnedthat…据闻…，据悉…(07)Itissupposedthat…据推测…(08)Itisestimatedthat…据估计…(09)Itisreportedthat…据报道…(10)Itmustbepointedoutthat…必须指出…(11)Itmustbeadmittedthat…必须承认…(12)Itwillbeseenthat…可见…，可以看出…(13)Itwillbeseenfromthisthat…由此可见…(14)Itisunderstoodthat…不用说…，谁都知道…(15)Itcan′tbedeniedthat…不可否认…(16)Ithasbeenprovedthat…已经证明…(17)Itmaybeconfirmedthat…可以肯定…(18)Itissometimesaskedthat…人们有时会问…(19)Itmaybesafelysaidthat…可以有把握地说…(20)Itisexpected∕hopedthat…人们希望…(21)Itwillbesaidthat…有人会说…(22)Itshouldbesaidthat…应该说…(23)Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…大家认为…(24)Itisassertedthat…有人主张…

被动语态构成be+P.P.(done)一般现在时：am∕is∕are+P.P.一般过去时：was∕were+P.P.一般将来时：will∕shall+be+P.P.过去将来时：would∕should+be+P.P.现在进行时：am∕is∕are+being+P.P.过去进行时：was∕were+being+P.P.现在完成时：have∕has+been+P.P.过去完成时：had+been+P.P.情态动词：情态动词+be+P.P.动词不定式：to+be+P.P.被动语态用法⑴不知道，或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。Thebookiswrittenforchildren.⑵谈话的中心是动作的承受者。Mybikewasstolen.⑶为了出于礼貌或者不愿意说出动作的执行者是谁。It"shopedthatyou"llhaveachancetovisitourcountry.IwastoldthatTomhadstolenthebook.⑷汉语中有一类句子不出现主语，但译成英语时要用被动语态。(24种特殊情况)(01)Itissaidthat…据说…(02)Itisconsideredthat…人们认为…(03)Itisgenerallyacceptedthat…普遍认为…(04)Itisbelievedthat…有人相信…(05)Itiswell-knownthat…众所周知…(06)Itislearnedthat…据闻…，据悉…(07)Itissupposedthat…据推测…(08)Itisestimatedthat…据估计…(09)Itisreportedthat…据报道…(10)Itmustbepointedoutthat…必须指出…(11)Itmustbeadmittedthat…必须承认…(12)Itwillbeseenthat…可见…，可以看出…(13)Itwillbeseenfromthisthat…由此可见…(14)Itisunderstoodthat…不用说…，谁都知道…(15)Itcan′tbedeniedthat…不可否认…(16)Ithasbeenprovedthat…已经证明…(17)Itmaybeconfirmedthat…可以肯定…(18)Itissometimesaskedthat…人们有时会问…(19)Itmaybesafelysaidthat…可以有把握地说…(20)Itisexpected∕hopedthat…人们希望…(21)Itwillbesaidthat…有人会说…(22)Itshouldbesaidthat…应该说…(23)Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…大家认为…(24)Itisassertedthat…有人主张…

英汉两种语言都有被动语态，但由于表达习惯上的差异，英语往往习惯用被动语态来表达，而汉语则和主动语态来表达。如：That young man cannot be relied upon.译成汉语就应该是“那位年轻人不可信赖”或者“我们不能信任那位年轻人”。如果将此句译成汉语的被动句“那位年轻人不可以被信赖”，译文就会显得很别扭，不符合汉语的表达习惯。由此可见，翻译时经常进行语态的转换是十分必要的。英语中被动语态的使用十分广泛，尤其在考研翻译中，这种现象更为多见。相比之下，汉语被动语态使用的范围要小得多。因此，在英译汉时，大量被动语态的句子需要通过种种方法加以处理，以保证译文通顺流畅地表达原意。英语被动语态的汉译一般有以下几种方法。 一、译成汉语主动句 将英语被动语态译成汉语主动语态的方法一般包括以下几种： （一） 保存原文主语 当英语被动句中的主语为无生命的名词，而且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体时，翻译时往往将原句中的主语仍然译成主语。 The meeting is scheduled for April 6th. 会议定于四月六日举行。 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid. 水能从液体变成固体。 When rust is formed , a chemical change has taken place. 当锈形成的时候，就发生了化学变化。 （ 二） 主宾颠倒 英语中很多被动句子在表示行为主体的词前都加上by， 翻译时可将这类by结构中的宾语译成主语，而将原来的主语译成宾语。 She was given a new pen by her father. 她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change. 这种化学反应能放出热和光。 Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us. 现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。 有时英语被动句中并未出现by结构，而只是代之以一个由介词短语构成的状语。这时仍可采用主宾颠倒的译法，将介词短语中的名词或名词词组译成句子的主语。 Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。 The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter. 下一章提供了有关的数据资料。 （三） 增加主语 有些英语被动句并未在句中出现表示行为主体的词或词组，在翻译这类句子时，可适当增添一些不确定的主语，如“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等。 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored. 人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。 She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed. 有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。 What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change the world. 我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久记住。然而我们在这儿所做的事，却能改变世界。 二、译成汉语无主句 英语中有些被动句不需要或无法说出行为的主体，因此，翻译时往往译成汉语的无主句。这时，原句中的主语一般译成宾语。 Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly. 已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。 Water can be shown as containing impurities. 可以证明，水含有杂质。 The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end. 必须全部停止这种讨厌的噪声。 三、译成汉语判断句 有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作，而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述，其作用与系表结构类似。因此，翻译这种英语被动句，经常采用“是...的”判断句式。 The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定 不是轻易作出的。 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。 The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French revolution. 手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。 The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. 美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。 四、译成汉语被动句 有些英语被动句着重被动的动作，因此，翻译时仍然可以翻译成汉语的被动句，以突出英语原文的被动意义。一般说来 ，被动句指的是具有被动形式标记的句子。虽然英语被动语态使用范围颇广，但其被动标记却很单一，主要是“be+动词的过去分词”及其变化形式。另一方面，汉语被动句式使用较少，但其被动标记要繁杂得多。汉语中表达被动意义的语言手段主要包括使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”等等。 The minister was found to have appropriated government money. 部长被发现挪用公款。 He had been fired for refusing to obey orders from the head office. 他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。 The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street. 那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞倒了。 He was praised by his teacher. 他得到了老师的表扬。 Problems should be resolved in good time. 问题应及时加以解决。 For a long period to come, most of China"s elderly will continue to be provided for by their families. 在未来较长的一段时间里，中国的老年人仍旧要由家庭来赡养。 五、常用被动句型“It+被动语态+that”的翻译 在这种句型中，it是形式主语，that引导出的是主语从句。汉语译文习惯上采用主动语态，有时还需要增译出泛指性的主语“我们”、“人们”、“大家”、“有人”等等，有时也可译成无主语的汉语句子，并酌情加上汉语介词“根据”或“据”。 It is considered that bioclimatology is an involved subject. 有人认为，生物气候学是一门复杂的学科。 It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science. 有人强调说，科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域：自然科学和社会科学。 It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation. 应该指出，这一过程就是氧化。 下面是一些常用被动句型的习惯译法： It is hoped that... 希望，有人希望 It is assumed that... 假设，假定 It is claimed that... 据说，有人主张 It is believed that... 有人想信，大家相信 It is reported that... 据报道，据通报 It is considered that... 人们认为，据估计 It is said that... 据说，有人说 It is supposed that... 据推测，人们猜测 It has been announced that... 已经宣布 It is asserted that... 有人主张 It is rumored that... 有人主张 It is rumored that... 听说，谣传 It is noticed that... 有人指出，人们注意到 It is suggested that... 有人建议，建议 It is reputed that... 人们认为，可以认为 It is learned that... 据说，据闻，已经查明 It is demonstrated that... 据证实，已经证明 It is estimated that... 据估计，有人估计 It is estimated that... 有人指出，人们指出 It is pointed out that... 有人推荐，有人建议 It is proposed that... 有人提出 It was told that... 有人曾经说 It was first intended that... 最初就有这样的想法 It will be said that... 有人会说 It will be seen from this that... 由此可见，因此可知 It was noted above that... 前面已经指出 It must be admitted that... 必须承认，老实说 It has been illustrated that... 据图示，据说明 It is stressed that... 有人强调说 It is stressed that... 有人列举出了 It can not be denied that... 无可否认 It can be said without exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸张的说 It is sometimes asked that...人们有时会问 It was felt that... 有人认识到了 It is universally accepted that... 人们普遍认为 It is unanimously agreed that... 大家一致同意 It is alleged that... 据说 It is calculated that... 据计算 It has been proved that... 已经证明 It has been found that... 人们已经发现 It is still to be hoped that... 我们仍然希望 It is well-known that... 众所周知，大家都知道 It should be realized that... 我们应该认识到…… 《被动语态的翻译》由留学liuxue86.com我整理