- 苏萦
-
United States Department of Justice
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Department of Justice
Department of Justice
Agency overview
Formed June 22, 1870
July 1, 1870
Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States
Headquarters Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
Washington, D.C.
Employees 112,500+ (2005)
Annual Budget $43.5 billion (2007)
Agency Executives Michael Mukasey, Attorney General
Mark Filip, Deputy Attorney General
Website
www.usdoj.gov
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, Washington, D.C.
For animal rights group, see Justice Department (JD)
The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans (see 28 U.S.C. § 501). The DOJ is administered by the United States Attorney General (see 28 U.S.C. § 503), one of the original members of the cabinet.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Duties
* 2 History
* 3 Headquarters
* 4 Organization
o 4.1 Leadership offices
o 4.2 Divisions
o 4.3 Law enforcement agencies
o 4.4 Offices
o 4.5 Other offices and programs
* 5 Controversy and Criticism
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links
[edit] Duties
1. Responsible for investigating and prosecuting violations of federal laws.
2. Represents the United States in all legal matters, including cases before the Supreme Court.
3. Enforces all immigration laws, provides information, and processes applications for citizenship
4. Maintains the federal prison system, halfway houses, and community programs
[edit] History
The Attorney General was initially a one-person, part-time job, established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, but this grew with the bureaucracy. At one time the Attorney General gave legal advice to the U.S. Congress as well as the President, but this had stopped by 1819 on account of the workload involved.
In 1867, the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, led by Congressman William Lawrence, conducted an inquiry into the creation of a "law department" headed by the Attorney General and composed of the various department solicitors and United States Attorneys. On February 19, 1868, Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice. This first bill was unsuccessful, however, as Lawrence could not devote enough time to ensure its passage owing to his occupation with the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson.
A second bill was introduced to Congress by Rhode Island Representative Thomas Jenckes on February 25, 1870, and both the Senate and House passed the bill. President Ulysses S. Grant then signed the bill into law on June 22, 1870. The Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1, 1870.
The bill, called the "Act to Establish the Department of Justice", did little to change the Attorney General"s responsibilities, and his salary and tenure remained the same. The law did create a new office, that of Solicitor General, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States.
With the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1870, the Federal government in the U.S. began to take on some law enforcement responsibilities, with the Department of Justice tasked to carry out these duties.[1]
In 1872, control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department, from the Department of Interior. New facilities were built, including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895, and a facility for women located in West Virginia, at Alderson was established in 1924.[2]
[edit] Headquarters
The U.S. Department of Justice building was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary. Upon Medary"s death in 1929, the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary took over the project. On a lot bordered by Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues and Ninth and Tenth Streets, Northwest, it holds over one million square feet of space. The sculptor C. Paul Jennewein served as overall design consultant for the entire building, contributing more than 50 separate sculptural elements inside and outside.
Various efforts, none entirely successful, have been made to determine the meaning of the Latin motto appearing on the Department of Justice seal, Qui Pro Domina Justitia Sequitur. It is not even known exactly when the original version of the DOJ seal itself was adopted, or when the motto first appeared on the seal. The most authoritative opinion of the DOJ suggests that the motto refers to the Attorney General (and thus to the Department of Justice) "who prosecutes on behalf of justice (or the Lady Justice)".
The building was renamed in honor of former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in 2001. It is sometimes referred to as "Main Justice."[3]
[edit] Organization
[edit] Leadership offices
* Office of the Attorney General
* Office of the Deputy Attorney General
* Office of the Associate Attorney General
* Office of the Solicitor General
[edit] Divisions
* Antitrust Division
* Civil Division
* Civil Rights Division
* Criminal Division
* Environment and Natural Resources Division (ENRD)
* Justice Management Division (JMD)
* National Security Division (NSD)
* Tax Division
[edit] Law enforcement agencies
Several federal law enforcement agencies are administered by the Department of Justice:
* Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
* Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
* Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
* Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
o National Institute of Corrections
* United States Marshals Service (USMS)
* Office of the Inspector General (OIG)
[edit] Offices
* Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR)
* Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys (EOUSA)
* Executive Office of the United States Trustee (EOUST)
* Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management
* Office of the Chief Information Officer
* Office of Dispute Resolution
* Office of the Federal Detention Trustee (OFDT)
* Office of Information and Privacy
* Office of Intelligence Policy and Review (OIPR)
* Office of Intergovernmental and Public Liaison
* Office of Justice Programs (OJP)
o Bureau of Justice Assistance
o Bureau of Justice Statistics
o Community Capacity Development Office
o National Institute of Justice
o Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
o Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking Office (SMART)
o Office for Victims of Crime
* Office of the Police Corps and Law Enforcement Education
* Office of Legal Counsel (OLC)
* Office of Legal Policy (OLP)
* Office of Legislative Affairs
* Office of the Ombudsperson
* Office of the Pardon Attorney
* Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)
* Office of Public Affairs
* Office on Sexual Violence and Crimes against Children
* Office of Tribal Justice
* Office on Violence Against Women
* Professional Responsibility Advisory Office (PRAO)
* United States Attorneys Offices
* United States Trustees Offices
* Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)
* Community Relations Service
[edit] Other offices and programs
* Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States
* INTERPOL, U.S. National Central Bureau
* National Drug Intelligence Center
* United States Parole Commission
* Obscenity Prosecution Task Force
In March 2003, the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service was abolished and its functions transferred to the United States Department of Homeland Security. The Executive Office for Immigration Review and the Board of Immigration Appeals which review decisions made by government officials under Immigration and Nationality law remain under jurisdiction of the Department of Justice. Similarly the Office of Domestic Preparedness left the Justice Department for the Department of Homeland Security, but only for executive purposes. The Office of Domestic Preparedness is still centralized within the Department of Justice, since its personnel are still officially employed within the Department of Justice.
Also in 2003, the Department of Justice created the website LifeAndLiberty.gov which supported the PATRIOT ACT.[4] LifeAndLiberty.gov currently promotes reenacting the PROTECT AMERICA ACT before it expires. This web site has received criticism from government watchdog groups.[5]
[edit] Controversy and Criticism
Several current and former assistant U.S. attorneys are known to have engaged in a wide variety of criminal conduct including association with prostitution rings[6], sexual battery[7] , sexual abuse of children[8], failures to make mandatory conflict of interest disclosures[9]. A separate Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) within the DOJ is responsible for investigating attorney employees of the DOJ who have been accused of misconduct or criminal activity with respect to their professional functions as DOJ attorneys.
Former U.S. Attorney General John D. Ashcroft acknowledged challenges facing the Department of Justice:
"In the real world of limited resources, we know that we can only detect, investigate and prosecute a small percentage of those officials who are corrupt."[10]
"I remain convinced that there is no more important area in the fight against corruption than the challenge for us within the law enforcement and justice sectors to keep our own houses clean."[11]
美国司法部
维基百科,自由的百科全书
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
美国司法部
Department of Justice
美国司法部
机构概要
成立于
1870年6月22日
1870年7月1日
隶属于 美国联邦政府
总部 华盛顿特区
雇员 112,500+(2005年)
年度预算 435亿美元(2007年)
首长 迈克尔·穆凯西,总检察长
马克·夫利普,副检察长
网站
www.usdoj.gov
美国司法部是美国政府的一个部,其部长享有阁员地位。美国司法部的任务是保障法律的施行,维护美国政府的法律利益和保障法律对美国所有公民都是平等的。其部门长官不称部长,而为美国总检察长(U.S. Attorney General)。现任总检察长为迈克尔·穆凯西(Michael B. Mukasey),任命案于2007年11月8日获得美国参议院同意,隔日宣誓就职
[编辑] 历史
1789年美国设立了总检察长这个职务,一开始的时候这是一个非全日性的职务,其任务是为美国国会和总统提供法律咨询。但随着美国官僚机构的扩大,这个职务的工作量也不断增大,1819年时他已无法继续充当国会和政府的法律顾问了。1870年6月22日,美国国会决定建立一个司法部。这个部门于1870年7月1日正式开始工作。这个部门的建立对总检察官的任务、薪金和地位都没有改变,在联邦总检察长下,另外设置联邦总律师(Solicitor General),其任务是在法律纠纷中在美国最高法院代表美国政府,不过,在比较重要的法律案当中,仍旧由联邦总检察长出席审判。
[编辑] 部门
* 反垄断局
* Asset Forfeiture Program
* 司法统计局 (BJS)
* 烟酒枪械炸药局 (ATF)
* 民事局
* 民权局
* Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)
* Community Relations Service
* 刑事局
* 麻醉品管制局 (DEA)
o Diversion Control Program
* 环境和自然资源局
* 移民审查执行办公室
* 美国律师执行办公室
* 美国受托管理人执行办公室
* 联邦调查局 (FBI)
* 联邦监狱管理局
o 国家刑罚协会
* 美国国外赔偿清算委员会
* 国际刑警组织 -- 美国国家中央局
* 司法管理局
* 国家毒品情报中心
* 总检察官助理办公室
* 总检察官办公室
* Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management
* 副总检察官办公室
* 调解纠纷办公室
* Office of Information and Privacy
* 总监察长办公室
* Office of Intelligence Policy and Review
* 政府间事务办公室
* 法务计划局
o American Indian and Alaska Native Affairs Desk
o Bureau of Justice Assistance
o Community Dispute Resolution
o Corrections Program Office
o Drug Courts Program Office
o Executive Office for Weed and Seed
o 国家刑事司法文献处 (National Criminal Justice Reference Service)
o 国家司法研究所
o Office for Domestic Preparedness
o 青少年司法和防止未成年人犯罪办公室
o 犯罪被害人办公室
o 妇女受害办公室
* Office of Legal Counsel
* Office of Legal Policy
* 法制办公厅
* 监察员办公室
* Office of the Pardon Attorney
* Office of Professional Responsibility
* 公共事务办公室
* 首席检查官办公室
* Office of Tribal Justice
* 税务局
* 美国联邦政府律师 U.S. Attorneys
* 美国法警 United States Marshals Service
* 美国囚犯假释委员会 U.S. Parole Commission
* U.S. Trustee Program
- CPS小天才
-
Jurors Get Firsthand Look at Justice System
陪审员眼中的美国司法体系
If you"re an American citizen, one of your fundamental civic duties is to serve, when called, as a juror in a civil or criminal trial. I was oddly pleased to get a notice in my mailbox summoning me for jury duty. I actually looked forward to sitting with 11 other New Yorkers, all chosen as randomly as I was, to hear evidence about a crime and to play an active role in the justice system.
I arrived early at the New York State Court building with my photo ID and a day"s worth of reading material, and took a seat on a wooden bench in a vast, dimly-lit hall with perhaps 200 other potential jurors.
Assembling an impartial jury is an essential element of the criminal trial process. Before we were selected to hear a case, the prosecutor, the defense attorney and the judge all questioned each of us in the courtroom, to see if we harbored prejudices that might keep us from fairly judging the defendant. They asked us such questions as "Have your ever been a victim of a crime?" "Are you more or less likely to believe a police officer than any other citizen who testifies?" "Could we assume innocence until guilt was proved beyond a reasonable doubt?
After a full day of this, I was selected for a burglary case. With 11 fellow jurors (and two alternates) I raised my right hand and swore an oath to be fair. We were a diverse group of people, including black, white, Latino, professional, working-class, native born and new Americans, and we ranged in age from about 25 to nearly 70 years old.
After we"d taken our seats in the section of the courtroom known as the jury box, the judge instructed us not to talk about the case -- even among ourselves -- until all the evidence had been given, and not to discuss the trial with anyone outside, either. We each had to make up our own mind.
The defendant, a 35-year-old man with a long ponytail, sitting before us in a suit and tie, had been charged with the burglary of a drugstore.
We listened to evidence in his case for two days. The defendant himself didn"t testify -- it was up to the State prosecutor to provide the proof.
Witnesses were examined by the prosecution, then cross-examined by the defense. We were shown the store"s security videotapes and the written warning the store says it gave the defendant -- after an earlier shoplifting incident -- that he was barred from shopping at any of the company"s chain of drug stores. That letter meant the man"s second attempted theft involved a more serious criminal trespass.
As the trial drew to a close, the prosecutor and the defense attorney gave us their closing arguments. Then the judge explained the law to us and how it applied to this case, and sent us to the jury room to deliberate. In order to find the defendant guilty or not guilty, we would all have to agree on a verdict.
My fellow jurors and I had become friendly during the first couple of days of the trial, but as we deliberated we sometimes differed sharply over details of the case. We asked that portions of the testimony -- which had been carefully transcribed by a court reporter -- be read back to us. After four hours of intense argument and discussion, we all agreed to find the defendant guilty of burglary.
I was impressed by how seriously the jurors took their jobs. Even though we were all anxious to finish with the trial and get back to our lives, we all seemed to have the same sense of duty to be certain - beyond a reasonable doubt - that our verdict was justified by the evidence in the case.
I was not alone in sensing the enormity of the responsibility we had been given. I made certain to look directly at the face of the defendant when the verdict was read. I wanted to see with my own eyes whatever emotion he was feeling, and to accept responsibility for the choice I had made and what it would mean for his life. Then, just one week after it started, the trial was over, the jury was thanked, then dismissed, and we were out on the Manhattan streets saying goodbye and hailing cabs.
This is Adam Phillips in New York.
注释:
oddly [5Rdli] adv. 奇怪地
summon [5sQmEn] vt. 〈法〉传唤,传唤到庭
randomly [5rAndEmli] adv. 随便地
impartial [im5pB:FEl] adj. 公平的,无私的
prosecutor [5prRsikju:tE(r)] n. 原告;起诉人
defendant [di5fendEnt] n. 被告
innocence [5inEsEns] n. 无罪
burglary [5bE:^lEri] v. 入室行窃
fellow [5felEu] adj. 同道的
alternate [C:l5tE:nit] adj. 轮流的,预备的
ponytail [5pEuniteil] n. 马尾辫(一种发型)
drugstore [drQ^5stC:] n. <美> 药房,杂货店
shoplifting [5FCp7liftiN] n. 入店行窃
trespass [5trespEs] n. 过失,罪过
deliberate [di5libEreit] v. 商讨
verdict [5vE:dikt] n.(陪审团的)判决
testimony [5testimEni] n. 证词(尤指在法庭所作的)
transcribe [trAns5kraib] v. 转录
- 再也不做站长了
-
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/United-States-JUDICIAL-SYSTEM.html
这个是介绍
http://www.uscourts.gov/是政府官方网站