跨专业考研，想考翻译硕士，请问应该准备哪些科目？

If approved by both parties demonstrate the technical supervision departments identified, because the quality of supply of goods own defects, loss or claim arising, the supplier shall be held accountable under the law. .Suppliers have the responsibility of the buyer of the set and confirmed in writing by the supplier of the business requirements and specifications.The two sides agreed that the disputes arising from this agreement by the defendant, the jurisdiction of local people"s court.Agreed by the supplier.朗读显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音字典 - 查看字典详细内容翻译以下任意网站Tom.com-中国El Confidencial-西班牙Louvre-法国Spiegel Online-德国Venezuela Tuya-西班牙语BBC News-英国Philadelphia Inquirer-美国Vogue-法国Telegraph.co.uk-英国Komika Magasin-瑞典语Berlingske.dk-丹麦Yomuiri Online-日本

People"s Court civil trial summary is specialized in civil cases are relatively simple procedures. Not only can improve the Court"s case-handling efficiency and reduce pressure on the court"s work, to improve the overall quality of the court"s caseload. Close to the administration of justice and justice for citizens through the legal means of resolving disputes provided conditions more conducive to the promotion of the realization of the rule of law in society as a whole. Based on the concept of summary analysis of the scope of application of summary procedure. And through other countries and regions on the introduction of the Summary of Civil Procedure, summary of China"s Civil Status and assessment of the existence of problems. Starting from the basic theory,Summary of objectives and functions of the value. Final analysis of the existing system of civil summary of specific defects, and on how to reform and improvement of their relevant views.

我个人觉得就是指warranty或者说是指有关warranty的事项，所以一般就译成“除非（对此）另有书面约定，……” ，供参考啦，呵呵～～

The supreme people"s court on the trial of labor dispute case applicable legal interpretation (3)Article labourers shall claim the overtime work overtime, the existence of facts bear the burden. But there is evidence to prove that unit of choose and employ persons laborer master overtime evidence of facts, unit of choose and employ persons does not provide, the employing units shall bear the adverse consequences.Current laws to recover the overtime did not make clear a regulation burden of cases. In a similar case, general laborer burden is more difficult, unit of choose and employ persons are generally not consciously out of evidence. The law is actually use legal means to urge to unit of choose and employ persons out facts, maintaining the rights and interests of labourers. At the same time, the law does not tend to laborer, unit of choose and employ persons is the premise of burden of proof of employee is unit of choose and employ persons master overtime evidence of fact, for this individual labourers sedulous bewilders unit of choose and employ persons also curb the behavior.To work overtime, pp.290 think the production and operation of enterprises have slack season, enterprise and worker through consultations on an equal basis, to work overtime. Unit of choose and employ persons should pay overtime work overtime to laborer to work overtime, but from the body circumstance consideration, laborer can disorders, can compel employees to work overtime, the workers shall have the right to refuse to work overtime.

American tort law of strict liability originated in England, already became the continental law scholars often use of the concept. And has integrated into European countries tort law imputation principle system. In recent years, strict liability applicable scope are increasing tendency. Strict liability is based on security breach of the absolute duty, although most people already fulfill the fittest cautious attention, but as to his behavior is liable for damage done by. The defense of strict liability is very limited, reasonable care is not among them. Strict liability most often apply to abnormally dangerous activity or product liability cases.The essential characteristics of strict liability(a) strict liability of the fault sexStrict liability is undoubtedly following the fault liability which occurred after new milestone. It is the advent of make the fault factors is no longer determine the ultimate basis person responsibility, and this helps to protect the innocent victim and disadvantaged groups.(2) strict liability riskOverview of tort law, countries with strict liability unavoidable risk relates in together. Continental law system country Germany say strict liability for dangerous responsibility. Some scholars will will risk liability and the common law of strict liability equivalent. In France also in dangerous activity as use strict liability foundation. [20] but actually tort law, strict liability except applicable to animal causes infringement, workers" compensation, product liability etc, in most cases is also beyond applies abnormally dangerous activity of damage.(3) strict liability fixation sexIn fault liability tort party to produce a damage, should be liable for compensation because behavior person has moral can accuse sex. But strict liability actor no-fault, should remain liable for compensation, the imputation sex basis intriguing. And the 20th century"s most influential one of western jurist pound from maintaining social general safety obligations set out, demonstrates the rationality of strict liability. He thought from the late nineteenth century begins, legal focuses on social interests rather than individual interests protection.(4) strict liability of causalityDue to the fault in fault liability is finally decided to constitute elements, it is to decide whether the key fault liability was established. In strict liability constituents, don"t consider injures fault or. Therefore, causal relationship with more important sense, it is strict liability element of the final requirement. In strict liability only causality and damage two elements, namely the plaintiff only through the proe causality and damage of the two factors can get relief.(5) strict liability on the burden of proof inverted sexStrict liability is based on the safety of absolute duty breach, no matter whether the defendant fulfill the duty of care of the most careful, as long as the damage occurred shall assume responsibility, such as the defendant can"t put forward reasonable justifications (and justifications quite limited), it cannot be exempted from liability, namely the plaintiff"s burden partly transferred to the defendant body, the plaintiff simply just causality and by damage burden has sufficient.(6) strict liability of defense limited sex1, due to a third party behavior, animal behavior and natural forces caused the damage cannot become defenses.2, the victim fault can be used as a defense against the reason.3, aggrieved person, content and animal anomaly sensitivity as justifications.4 and perform the public responsibility can serve as justifications.The analysis of strict liability(a) practicality: American tort law rooted in the soil of pragmatism, upholds the artificial center, advocates understanding and the experience is inseparable, emphasize the integration of theory with practice. On the basis of the case -law system is a judge empirical wisdom and logical reasoning union product. Comes case law of strict liability after change the applicable range and the increasing this fact itself proves the rules have vitality and practicability.(2) transcendence: whether scholars with strict liability equivalent to what responsibility opinions vary, but undoubtedly, which transcends the French law "fault-presuming liability" and German law "dangerous responsibility", and brushed with abstract insight, and logical supply of continental law tort law theory system barriers, let the centralization of imputation principle system to systematically normalize or diversification imputation principle system development, thus the world legislation has far-reaching influence.(3) justice: strict liability emphasize behavior and the victim to gain the balance, reflected the protective weak instead of the equal protection of the new ideas, and thereby realizes the substantial justice. This point in product liability and workers" compensation field especially appear prominent.

A ) On what constitutes infringement1 with illegality . Tort is the violation of the law of obligations , acts of infringement of personal rights or property rights according to law.2 hurt facts. The fact that there is damage to the objective existence . Damage is caused by the loss of behavior and mental damage to the property of others on . Damage is the objective consequences of a breach .3 causality. In other words, an act is the cause of damage to the facts of this result .4 perpetrator subjective fault . Divided according to their type of intentional fault and negligence . But as long as the perpetrator subjective fault , whether it is intentional or negligent , should bear the liability.(B ) The Impact of WTO on China "s international trade legal systemAfter China"s accession to WTO, issued by the central government unity on trade policies, laws and regulations.First, local government agencies but also in the popularity of the WTO and China"s accession to the WTO basic knowledge on legal documents , grasp the overall national policy of opening up , especially with the opening up of trade in goods and services related to import and export laws, regulations, grasp direction.Secondly , according to the central local government economic policy , trade policy and industrial policy formulation of relevant policies in the region , can not violate WTO rules and our commitment to the WTO.Some more enactments , particularly aspects of international economic law . Through all the NPC , China"s signed or acceded to the treaty that is in force for China

Each Party shall treat as confidential the Confidential Information, and adopt and maintain preventive and security measures, as required or suggested by any Applicable Laws and no less than the measures adopted by it for protecting its most important confidential information and trade secrets .意思：每一缔约方应视为机密的机密信息，并采取和维持预防和安全措施，要求或任何适用的法律，并没有比它通过保护其最重要的机密信息和商业秘密的措施建议

Abstract New "Company Law" is the formulation of legislation of a new milestone in the company, one is welcomed by name the company, but the new "Law" of one person"s unfortunate design of the system still has a place. The most obvious flaw is that legislators only a clearly defined set of one-man company"s legal status, but did not clear the existence of a person"s legal status and degree of both convergence between Royal l. This paper tries to clarify the existence theory of one-man company to establish the necessity and the legal characteristics which make a little improvement on the Law of the proposal. January 1, 2006, the new "Law" into effect, one system for the formal establishment of the company is one of the highlights of the law, ending a long debate, one of the company the company finally get a clear legislative recognition . Legislative history of the company which is a big step forward, but the new "Law" of one person"s unfortunate design of the system still has a place. The most obvious flaw is that legislators only a clearly defined set of one-man company"s legal status, but did not clear the existence of a person"s legal status, as well as convergence between the two systems. This will "Company Law" in practice cause some trouble. This paper tries to clarify the existence theory of the need to establish one-man company and its legal characteristics, and the "Company Law" perfect offer some suggestions.The first part focuses on the survival of a person"s basic theory.Part II describes the national legislation of one company"s inspection and assessment.The third part of the "Law" of the existence of one-man company position resolution. Keywords: one-man company; established one-man company; existence of one-man company俺用的是翻译软件

美国法律规定了陪审团在大多数行为损害赔偿。这意味着,在这些情况下,任何一方可以维护权利由陪审团审判的事实。如果不希望如此,法官将事实和法律。望采纳谢谢

所有被巩固的债权人可以(原则上)执行受其他先得权或相似的兴趣支配，虽然受诚实的采购员支配权利(不那么可能在变卖)。 Bankruptcy法律也许任意和清楚地有时提供销售由委托人(体会估计过高)受根据他们的等级付清的被巩固的债权人支配出于收益(或被给alter

Judge right to release tomorrow a judge in civil proceedings in the implementation of a legal action is extreme and the parties debate the appropriate constraints, the process in the civil proceedings, the judge discharged out through the exercise of the right to exchange information with clients. Appropriate exercise of the right to be able to guide the interpretation of the effective action to achieve fairness and efficiency of litigation; excessive litigation to act would seriously undermine the normal mechanisms and the legitimacy of the proceedings. Right out of the release of judges is not only the right to judge, but also the obligation of the judge, the right to specify the nature of interpretation in essence more or purpose is to help the parties make a disposition of rights, the point is the disposition of the parties, with a focus on entities and procedures to ensure fair and efficient proceedings. Right out from the release characteristics, the release out the main power must be exercised by a judge, and only in the course of the proceedings subject to certain conditions, limit the exercise, the exercise in accordance with the law in order to achieve procedural fairness and improve the effectiveness of the proceedings. Prescribed in different countries the right to release the content is different from the provisions of civil law countries can be seen that the right to release more or less out in the exercise of both cases: First, a party statement or lack of proof, and the other is the statement of the parties or the burden of proof inappropriate. Release of the judges in our country right out of the provisions established by the Supreme People"s Court found judicial interpretation, the law places the low-order, there is no release underlines the importance of the right-ming, the impact of the judge discharged the prescribed value of the right system to play a litigation, adverse to its In practice, the implementation. In judicial practice, the First, the correct position to urge the judge, and the other is the promotion of such parties, and the third is to maximize the effectiveness of the realization of the proceedings, the four is to broaden the field of judicial relief. The right to address the specific operation prescribed problem, the right to address the application of the prescribed principles: the principle of legality, the principle of openness, limited the principle of voluntary acceptance of the principle of fairness, efficiency principle, the principle of relief. The right to address the specific operation prescribed issues: hearing before the exercise of the right to release tomorrow, should be proof that the request of the parties and the legal consequences to the parties a reasonable period of time in a positive, comprehensive, correct, honest and complete proof. Release trial prescribed in the course of the exercise of the parties in the course of the trial because of literacy, knowledge and understanding of the legal restrictions on their statements that can not be exhaustive, then the judge should ask questions to discover a timely manner, neutral and obligation to address the prescribed exercise to guide the parties a clear statement of the true meaning of its own, said a party statement on the fact that the other party has neither acknowledged nor denied the judge should be asked and fully explained.

原文】NOTWITHSTANDING THE FOREGOING, A SHALL IN NO EVENT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF OPPORTUNITY, LOSS OF ANY DATA OR INFORMATION, AND LOSS OF REVENUE OR PROFIT IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF THIS AGREEMENT, OR YOUR USE OF ANY INFORMATION, DOCUMENTATION OR SERVICES PROVIDED PURSUANT TO THIS AGREEMENT, UNLESS THE DAMAGE SUFFERED IS DUE TO A"S GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR WILLFUL MISCONDUCT.【译文】纵使前面者, 一将在没有事件是有义务的对你为任何的附带、间接或者作为结果发生的损害, 包括但是不限制于生意的损失、机会的损失、任何数据或者数据的损失, 收入的及损失或者有益于在连接与或者出现出依照这协议被提供的这协议, 或你的任何数据的使用、文件或者服务, 除非损害遭受是由于总共的疏忽或任性的不规矩。

参考译文：This Agreement is made and entered into on June 18, 2013 by and between ABC, a company duly organized and existing under the laws of the People"s Republic of China with its registered office address ______________(hereinafter referred to as Party A), and DEF, a company duly organized and existing under the laws of Japan with its registered office address at ______________(hereinafter referred to as Party B).In the event any party fails to performe the terms and conditions hereof, the other party shall have the right to terminate this Agreement.

简单的收费绝对是最常见的所有权interest.It让所有人几乎绝对的权利， property.The费简单绝对拥有者可无限次使用的财产，他可以出售，出租或以其他方式开拓较少的财产利益。拥有人可转让的财产的意愿，或所有人死亡，如果没有将财产转移给亲属所提供的国家法规。从本质上说，简单的费用绝对地产所有者拥有极大的兴趣，私人所有权在美国所提供的。

亚马逊现在寻求部分即决审判,就第五章原告对虚假广告的起诉理由，规定给予被告对于部分即决判决的请求

内容摘要：离婚损害赔偿制度是规定配偶一方因其过错行为，不法侵害配偶他方基于配偶身份所享有的合法权益，导致婚姻关系破裂，配偶他方得请求赔偿其财产上的损失和非财产上的损失的民事法律制度。 Content abstract: divorce compensation for damage regulation is a regulation for its fault spouse other unlawful infringement behavior, spouse enjoys a spouse identity based on the lawful rights and interests of the breakdown of their marriage, spouses caused such may request compensation losses on the property and the property losses of civil law system. 我国2001年修改的《婚姻法》，首次在婚姻家庭法中确立了离婚损害赔偿制度，但该制度自身存在很多不完善。 Our 2001 modified "marriage law", for the first time in matrimonial and family law established during the divorce compensation for damage regulation, but the system"s own existence many imperfect. 在实际生活中当事人因家庭暴力、重婚、同居、虐待、遗弃而导致的离婚行为而遭受的身心痛苦远远超过了可以计算的财物损失。 In actual life by a party concerned because of family violence, bigamy, cohabitation, on account of the maltreatment or desertion of the divorce act caused suffered physical and mental suffering has far exceeded the property damage can be calculated. 本文主要通过“包二奶”及重婚现象和导致离婚的四种法定情形着重介绍关于离婚损害赔偿中的精神损害赔偿行为，以及相应的法律救济，从而捍卫无过错方的合法权益。 This paper mainly through the "pack two milks" and bigamy phenomenon and lead to divorce introduced four legal situation about divorce compensation for damage of the mental damage compensation behavior, and the corresponding legal remedy to defend the innocent party, the legitimate rights and interests. 关键词：重婚； Keywords: bigamy; 精神损害赔偿； The mental damage compensation; 虐待 abuse

Party statements and that in Qizu day before in the rental housing in or on the conduct of the Dangerous Goods (as defined below) the use, storage, processing or transport are in line with all applicable laws of China, Laws and regulations or orders. Party A further represent and warrant that, since the day after the Qizu in rental housing, above or below that there are no dangerous goods release, leakage, emissions, or distribution of overflow, and rental housing from the impact of all dangerous goods . Here the meaning of "dangerous goods" means any toxic, flammable, reactive or corrosive material goods, asbestos, PCBs, solvents, pesticides and oil, as well as the local government to control all the related items. Party A Party B compensation should be 12.5, and from B to make, during or after the lease rental housing because of the existence of or suspect the existence of dangerous goods and any claims, losses, a fine, ruling that a fine, expenditures, the responsibility Or loss, unless the dangerous goods is due to the existence of B-fault. Without limiting the foregoing provisions, including the compensation should be in accordance with government orders to carry out on-site inspection, cleaning, removal or restoration costs of what happened. The compensation included in the Qizu after Liu Yi as a result of dangerous goods, the proliferation of mobile, and filter into rental housing, on or above the resulting loss of all.来自谷歌在线翻译

1.1 Party B shall keep all confidential information, and shall not use the confidential information for any purpose except with Party A and / or associated enterprises transaction outside. Without the prior written consent of Party A and Party B shall not be affiliated enterprise, disclose the confidential information to any third party; or through reverse engineering using the business secret; except for exchange is reasonably necessary, Party B shall not make copies of confidential information. 1.2 Party B in the confidentiality obligation under this agreement to be should include confidential information stored in the computer, database or any other electronic data or information storage medium, except for the computer, database or other electronic data or information storage medium under the exclusive control of Party B. Any meeting minutes shall record 1.3 any confidential information or reflected in Party B"s board of directors or a duly appointed Committee in. 1.4 in addition to the provisions of Article 2.5 below, and related enterprises without Party A"s prior written consent, Party B shall not disclose to any person or foreign to declare, show, exhibition, disclosure, way of sale of divulge any confidential information; or the transaction of any fact to negotiate; or between the two sides and transaction of any relevant agreement or arrangement.

Ownership 所有权 1.A person may own land notwithstanding that another has an easement,such as a right of way,over it. 一个人可拥有土地，尽管他人对土地具有地役权，诸如通行权。 2.A person in possession is not bound to prove that the possessions belong him. 占有者无须证明自已为物主。 3.He is the de jure owner of the property. 他是财产的注定所有权人。 4.His title to the property is defective. 他的产权具有瑕疵。 5.Marital property is the same as community property and is divided equally upon divorce. 夫妻财产也同样属于共同财产，离婚时应作平均分配。 6.One independent object can only and only needs to establish one property right. 一物只能且只须有一个产权。 7.One should enjoy his property in such a manner as not to injure that of another person. 享有自已的财产应以不损害他人的利益为限。 8.Ownership has been described as"the entirety of powers of use and disposal allowed by law". 所有权被称作是“法定使用权和处置权的集合体。” 9.Ownership in indivision is ended by a partition of the property. 未分财产的所有权经财产分割即告疑终结。 10.The ownership of the company has passed to bank. 公司的所有权已经移交银行。

关于延缓行使诉讼与和解之约因涉事双方：Williams联合银行、Broom事务所uf097 债务人D（即Broom事务所，下同）系商业事务所，现亏欠（银行）借款22,000英镑；应银行（方）要求，D需以抵押财物偿还该笔款项。 D承诺以部分商品（或：资产）之物权证充当抵押、划归银行所有。uf097 基于此行，银行（方）承兑契约无需另行给予免于起诉声明。 若债务人未能提供抵押财务，银行将行诉讼。uf097 裁定（或：判决）结果：本约因已呈交（法庭/院方）。银行（方）有权实际履行（或：强制履行）对抵押的所有权。债务人确已从本约因未予诉讼中受益；若涉事双方未就本款承诺达成一致，相关裁定即行失效。供参。

重要的是要加以区分，但此间。一个口头合同的存在并没有给任何一方有权要求对合同的具体表现。关于欺诈的法规的目的是禁止在这种情况下执行。因此，一个党的仅仅违反承诺在对方行为依赖于合同的情况下，只能产生普通的合同补救办法。在具体的表现非常公平的补救不可用。另一种情况是，如果日期间的口头协议作出的一项执法行动的日期，当事人在合同上的，因此变化的情况下依赖行为。事态发展后出现的口头合同创造可造成新的权利和股票越来越多的各方的新职位实行了当一个人的口头合同信任党的行为，另一方acqui"esces。在应用部分的表现原则，法院在作出回应的个别案件的股票。在这种情况，由于双方的立场的改变的情况下，法院不能充分双方回到他们以前的情况。通过在救济或赔偿损失的法律行为，例如，被认为是不够的。因此，法院愿意保护股市交易产生的由下令实施，尽管各方未能满足的欺诈行为规约的口头合同的具体表现。有关法规的欺诈行为主要是不公平的指控源于从规约的性质。作为一个法规，这对本交易的某些格式要求，其应用为战胜各方的实际意图的潜力。在现代合同法的许多地区的趋势是侧重于当事方的意图越来越无视正式要求，如果他们阻止当事方的合理期望实现。法庭也倾向于提供公平的补救措施，以避免实质损害时可能造成的法律补救办法是不够的。由于部分性能的学说作为司法公正的例外情况制定的关于欺诈的法规严格的操作运行，然而，最现代化的法院不愿扩大超出传统上由法院所承认的情况除外。

公证证明。。。在此证明依照公司章程X文件的主管函件决议，向我当面呈现并且其中的TOM和MIKE的签名，据我所知，已经足龄并且自愿履行上述所提文件的TOM和MIKE的亲笔签名，在此附上并列举。我对所附文件的内容无需了解并且不负任何责任。为了证明真实，我在2000年2月20号在此印上手印和办公章。检察官批准号。。。 日期 六月七号，有效至2009年六月17号。日期： 2000年2月20号

披露。 discloser 同意披露，并收件人同意接收保密信息。 discloser 同意确定当作是书面，保密或专有性质的信息或如果提供口头、 口头、 直观地或任何其它方式，来标识为机密信息或在披露，与在披露后的三十 (30) 天内以书面确认时的专利信息

翻译如下：除本协议明确规定外，飞机按“原样”出售，即在交付时有所有当前故障，处于实际状态和状态，买方承认其有机会在本协议日期前对飞机进行检查和测试。

在关于发展和那些在原有的法律规则出现裂缝的意见档正统表明，事情更加开放和灵活似乎比一次。华盛顿共识的批评和法律的正统它产生在开放的话语成功。目前似乎更开放，更流畅的话语。但疑虑仍然存在。我们在小的让步，局势方面已经作出的有关法律和其他方面的发展思路，但正统的核心仍然是硬？抑或是这时候的新思路和新的战略可能有机会受到重视？世界银行已经扩大了其改革议程，并拒绝执行的最明显的错误。它增加了一些“”社会关注的经济权利的理念的核心。但世行的“列伊”，还是在对法律的性质的假设基础强烈认为，法律与发展的关系，以及西方模式的相关性，但语境。所以，问题是：在这部分重新思考和疑问期间，有一个替代发展战略和非常不同，可以在经济增长和政治自由的路，依据有关法律，路径识别真正的机会？是否有可能，例如，可以接受的实用主义取代形式主义的信仰，但是“新”的形式主义可能;民主的权力接管经济宪政的优先;扶贫本身就是一个目标，而不是结果“涓滴”政策或象征性的项目增加;分配问题在决策和法律规则和制度建设的重点，并取得更好的平衡之间的经济一体化和内生增长平衡呢？我的看法是，有一个新的概念，开放。我认为，现时的一个转折点，一个时刻，有可能超越正统的批判与重建。因此，我觉得进步的知识分子应该建设性接触吨

机制来处理隐私问题 互联网是国际和基本上无管制。这就是说，法律在任何一个国家通常并不适用于因特网活动原产于其他国家。所有国家都未曾实施法律关于互联网的隐私。因此，有必要讨论如何保护隐私可以实现在全球一致的方式。一些可能的解决办法可能是立法，自律，技术解决方案和组合的解决方案。 3 。 1立法 隐私倡导者认为立法是需要停止互联网数据收集，未经允许。其他支持者立法建议规范隐私问题的法律是更好的，如果自律没有解决隐私问题充分。 3 。 2自我调节 网站必须自己管理自己，如果他们不希望政府介入有关消费者的隐私问题。倡议者自律不希望政府规管的活动，也许是担心过于官僚系统或升级的遵从成本。他们认为，自我调节可以更灵活。 TRUSTe是一个自我监管的隐私制度，可以建立消费者的信任和信心，在互联网上通过一项计划，其中网站可以授权，以显示个人印章或信任的网站。信用保证为消费者提供一个网站的政策，准确地反映其做法和将有追索手段如果网站不遵守其既定的政策。这是自愿的网站，以决定是否应该执行如有保密制度。据认为，这些网站都愿意自律可以消除消费者隐私的关注。

民法可以定义为法律传统,这一传统起源于罗马法,用社会法典法令大全》,以及随后的开发查士丁尼在欧洲及世界各地。民法分为两条，最终:编纂罗马法,uncodified罗马法。民法是高度系统化和结构化,依赖广泛,一般原则的宣言,经常忽略的细节。普通法传统法律文化的进化在英国从11th世纪以来。其原理上的大部份是判断的报道,通常,关系到高等法院具体事实,情况产生的纠纷时,法院都有确诊。普通法通常是更为详尽的precriptions比民法。普通法是私法的基础,不仅为英格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰,而且在美国49,九省,加拿大在大多数国家,法律作为殖民地第一个收到的英帝国,并在许多情况下,保存了它作为独立的国家的英联邦。是在不好意思，因为不是英语专业的，不是很准确！

始终被指责的1被假定是无辜的，除非他承认进攻或，直到他在合理的doublt之外被证明是有罪的。 2从adversay模型是法官的普通法的主要区别是在党之间的一位被动裁决者，而检察官是较少党羽。 3合同被分类至于他们怎样被形成了。 他们可以被表达，暗示，或者以quosicon短文的形式。 4 Deriratively。 通过销售、礼物或者由物品或土地强制地的法律的强制的承购，即，获取由法规或者采取由在判决实施的困厄。 5事实发明的细节是可利用的手段竞争，研究员等等有对信息的立刻访问，他们也许学习，并且使用受违犯支配的范围行动 6什么精确地它是那由期限法律规定意味，是法律的哲学家辩论的主题。 7包括司法的原则，恳求试验发现、品行和执行判决。 8例如，智能是这样的人他是不能胜任的了解他们的行动的本质和作用也是不能胜任的开始vaild合同。 除真实的物品之外， 9物品发现者有资格获得他们与所有人比较。 10它也是包括的共同性在法律冲突的事项各种各样的相关事态关于计数的司法和对程度尊敬由于外国评断。 11实际上，许多律师争辩说，不应该允许损坏惩罚，因为人能结束两次惩罚，一旦，当判罪和判刑由刑事法庭和再由民事法庭，如果损坏惩罚被授予。 12我们叫就其本身而言是可控诉的这样侵权行为一，因为它是可控诉的没有损伤证明对原告的 在合同的若不同13 rrovisions是不一致的，法院将给特选在被键入的或打印的那些的书面词组和在打印的那些的被键入的词组。 14透露是一个中央前提对于专利的津贴，并且它一定是总的，与被扣压的没什么物质。 15一台无商量余地的仪器是，虽则有能力在调动上由交付的一个(与任何必要的背书)，以与一个流通票据在持有人相似的方式不可能商谈更好的权利比在发件人被授予了

债务加入制度，近来成为我国司法审判中的热点和难点问题，我国法律对此项制度却无明确规定，理论界的研究也不充分。 Debt join the system, recently became the administration of justice in the hot and difficult issues, our legal system has failed to specify the provisions of this theoretical research community is not sufficient. 实务之难主要在于债务加入制度与诸如保证、免责的债务承担、第三人代为履行等相似制度的区分上。 The main practical difficulty is that the debt, such as adding system and guarantee the debt exemption commitments on behalf of a third party to fulfill such a distinction similar to the system on. 欲解决此实务上的难题，从理论上考察债务加入制度的产生、发展、建构等仍是不可缺少的步骤。 To resolve this practical problem, from a theoretical study by adding a system of debt creation, development, construction, etc. is still an indispensable step. 债务加入制度在理论上也存在诸多难点和争点，本文主要以我国民法的现实结构为基础，对这些难点和争点作出解释。 Debt to join the system in theory, there are many difficulties and strive for, this article primarily on the reality of China"s civil law based on the structure of these problems and strive for an explanation. 在研究方法上，因着眼于解决实务问题，所以做了大量的案例研究；为求在理论上对债务加入制度作较全面、深刻的探讨，运用了比较的、历史的研究方法。 In research methods, due to focus on solving practical problems, so did a lot of case studies; for the sake of adding a system of debt, in theory, be a more comprehensive and profound exploration of the use of the comparative and historical research methods. 研究过程中，始终注意理论联系实际，在查阅了大量有关债务加入的案例以及相关文献资料的基础上，提出了一些新的见解。 Course of the study, always pay attention to integrating theory with practice, in the access to a large number of cases related to debt, as well as to join on the basis of the relevant literature and put forward some new ideas. 如：在论述债务加入概念时，提出了债务加入制度除了具有保证的功能外还具有融通的功能；在论述债务加入制度与其他制度的区分时，结合各级法院的判决理由以及国外实务中的一些判断方法，总结归纳出相对清晰的裁判规则。 Such as: in his discussion of the concept of debt by adding proposed addition to the debt guaranteed by adding a system function, also has the function of intermediation; in his discussion of the debt by adding the distinction between system and other systems, the combination of reasons at all levels of court decisions and foreign practice in the judgments and methods, are summarized with relative clear-cut rules of adjudication. 通过理论上的构建以及考察债务加入制度在实务中的运用，认为债务加入制度有其自身独特的无法取代的制度功能，我国民法应对其作出一般性规定。 Through the theoretical construct and to study the debt-to join the system in practice in the use of debt by adding a system that has its own unique system of functions can not be replaced, our country also needs to be the general provisions of civil law. 最后得出结论，即债务加入制度是一项独立的民事法律制度。 Finally come to the conclusion that the debt to join the system is an independent civil legal system.关键词债务加入制度架构裁判规则独立制度 Key words institutional structure of debt to join an independent system of rules of adjudication

The network information technically flies to soon develop and extensively applied, also brought a new challenge for people"s protection of the right of privacy at the time of bringing people the convenient and fast life style and huge business benefits.Practice medium on-line infringement affairs, particularly the affairs multifarious occurrence which violates network right of privacy, make the lawmaking protection of network right of privacy become theories and practice a medium hot point problem.The international communities all are aware of urgency to carry on the law protection to network right of privacy nowadays, but the our country law definitely didn"t rule right of privacy currently.The provision just passed reputation power as to it"s carry on a protection, belong to lawmaking blank more to the protection of network right of privacy.Therefore should try to draw lessons from abroad of related protection mode, combine our country state of the nation, take lawmaking rules and regulations as predominance, assist it take charge of by profession self-discipline, technique protection and government, set up citizen to protect personal consciousness of privacy in the meantime, with realization to network right of privacy of valid protect.This text takes the United States and EU as the representative"s two greatest lawmakings mode through a research and currently our country"s lawmaking condition in network right of privacy, put forward some counterplans and suggestion towards set up our country network right of privacy lawmaking protect system.Promote thus our country to the mechanism that the law of network right of privacy protect of perfect, attain full protection network right of privacy of purpose.基本上是对的，累死我了，我可没用机译哦，是我自己翻译的，要选我的哦

1.A valid contract usually includes the following four elements: (1) the contract both sides agree (2) the price (3) contracts required agreement (4) each party hereto with legal qualifications.2.The jury system refers to a group of vowed of people gathered to debate the fact that the referee, make justice in the jury to perform the duties of the members which is juror.3.The United States constitution stipulates the congress is the main lawmakers, but congress of law must obey the President"s veto. Administrative agencies responsible for foreign affairs, but the treaty concluded with foreign governments need to pass the senate approval.4.Tort law aims to compensate the person or property by others illegal act of infringing upon man, damage compensation is usually money compensation.5.In our country main punishment have the following kinds: (1) control (2) criminal detention (3) fixed-term imprisonment, (4) life imprisonment (5) the death penalty6.In the United States, the court has the authority to examine congress, the state, and the laws of the region, aimed to determine whether these laws consistent with the constitution.7.A country"s property law reflects his personal and collective right basic attitude, the American constitution recognition and protection of private property.8.Citizens from birth till death, has civil rights, shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations.1.受人权法案保障的权利不是绝对的。在合同章程中阐述的原则是得到政府的形式和内容。归根结底，这是美国最高法院的合同章程，即赋予意义解释，并确定边界，由合同章程的权益保障每当受到抑制成为诽谤性言论。2.对过失侵权的侵权行为是最广泛，是最人身伤害案件的基础。它的四个经典内容如下：（1）被告欠了应有的谨慎责任（也就是说，他的行事作为的情况下，合理谨慎的人）向原告（2）被告违反该义务;（3）被告的违约是原告受伤的法律和近因;（4）原告蒙受作为被告的行为而遭受损失。3.违反合同的法律概念是一个有约束力的协议是由一个或多个得不到尊重当事人多次未履行合同或受到干扰,另一方的性能。4.一个轻微违规、部分违约或无形违约一方，破坏方发生的无权定单的义务的履行,但只有收集实际耗用的损害。（这句完全不知在说什么）*****本人几近法盲，以上内容，请再自行修改。******

Notwithstanding anything herein contained, either Party shall be entitled to terminate this Agreement on thirty days prior notice in writing on account of a breach of the terms of this Agreement by the other Party. Provided, however, that Sinopec shall have the right to terminate this Agreement at any time if Consultant having been served with a notice for unsatisfactory performance fails to cure the default within 15 days of the receipt of such notice. 尽管在此包含了所有内容，在一方违反合同时，另一方有权提前30天提出终止协议的书面申请。然而，如果咨询方在收到行为不当的提醒通知后15日内仍然未能采取补救措施， 中国石化有权随时终止协议。9.2 This Agreement may be terminated forthwith by the non affected Party in the event of insolvency (de facto or declared), bankruptcy, moratorium, receivership, liquidation or any kind of composition between the debtor and the creditors, or any circumstances which are likely to affect substantially one Party"s ability to carry out its obligations under this Agreement.在出现资不抵债，破产，延缓履行，破产管理，清算，以及其它债权人和债务人之间的债务清算的情况，或者有可能极大影响一方履行本协议的情况，不受影响的一方可以立即终止本协议

四）公开保证它有权作出披露，并根据本协定的签字是经正式授权签署这项协议代表它们各自的公司。

艺术。8 -期限的劳动合同。该协议应当从为8.1级(从1月1日)、2011年,应当提前终止,除依第九条下,留在完整的力量,直到拒绝中石化?收盘招标投标(PROC-FD / CB /(钻机)-1479/2010或在合同或其中任何一个中国石化集团颁发给在整个和充分的时间.Provided合同(s)然而,比照本协议终止对客户提出终止合同。艺术。10 -仲裁-适用法律:10.1任何争议由双方协商解决本合同产生的或与本协议应当在合同双方之间,妥善加以解决,否则应提交仲裁由两名仲裁员,一个指定一方,或遇有分歧一名仲裁员由仲裁员会被提名前在进入参考。仲裁应由仲裁条例,1940年和仲裁地点伊斯兰堡。仲裁人的裁决或裁判,可以根据具体情况,是终局的,对各方均有约束力。10.2本协议受中华人民共和国法律管辖并依此法律解释巴基斯坦。第11 -作业艺术。本协议11.1所不能交办顾问在未经甲方书面同意下,中国石油化工股份有限公司。中国石油化工股份有限公司有权转让或者novate本协议父母,其任何关联公司或姐妹。证人该协议已经被处决的今天,年写的,上面首次由买卖双方授权代表AOBE命名。

1.一个不公正的法律是没有任何法律2.法律必须稳定，不能停滞不前3.没有人可以在他自己的情况判断4.司法拖延就是拒绝司法5.法官不但要伸张，而且必须是有目共睹1.This law foreign trade operators, is engaged in foreign trade in accordance with the provisions of this Law, the activities of corporations and other organizations.2.Conclusion of the contract the parties know the process of trade secrets, whether the contract is established, shall not disclose or improper use. Disclosure or improper use of trade secrets to the other party caused the loss shall be liable for damages.3.Contract null and void, revoked or terminated, the contract does not affect the independent existence of the dispute resolution clause.4.In the selling of goods, shall not be contrary to the wishes of the purchaser of goods or attach other unreasonable tying conditions.1.对本合同附件应视为本协议的一部分，并须提供有效的任何其他协议。2.临时工程“是指各种（除合同的设备除外）或为执行和完成工程以及修补其任何缺陷所需的所有临时工程。3.该委员会应当审查必要的，但至少每两年一次，执行与本协定的运作，考虑到目标的信息，该文所载的权利和义务。4.除另有规定的信用证中，“货物”的规定，最早及/或最迟装运日期，应理解为包括中，“上”加载中，“调度”和“参与费”。

1， 这是一个双重否定句。Neither......NOR...... 不是.......也不是.......with respect to 是一个连接词组：意思关于 是“ 关于，（至于）谈到的” 连接了things governed整个句子，感觉根据上下文的专业意译的成分很多。2,private utility 根据上下文，可理解为：（个人）私有所属公用部分供参考。

一、准确性是法律英语翻译的根本其实不管是翻译什么文体，忠于原文，准确的表达原文都是翻译的基本。而对于法律英语的翻译来说，准确性是最重要的。因为法律是有国家机关制定或认可的社会规范，要使人们准确的理解法律的内容，那么，在翻译的过程中，就必须使法律条文的表述准确无误、确凿、严密。二、法律英语翻译的同一律原则在法律翻译的过程中，为了维护同一概念、内涵或事物在法律上始终同一，避免一起歧义，词语一经选定后就必须前后统一。在认准用准了某一个词语之后，千万不要怕重复使用。如果在法律英语翻译中缺乏一致性和同一性无疑会使法律概念混淆，使读者不必要地去揣测不同词语的差别，从而影响法律的精度。三、法律英语翻译的精炼性原则翻译法律文件还应遵循精练的原则，即用少量的词语传达大量的信息，简单、扼要的语言是立法最好的语言，这是立法者应遵循的一条原则。四、法律英语翻译的词语庄严性原则法律是掌握国家政权的阶级、集团的意志体现，它有鲜明的政策性、权威性。为了维护法律的严肃性，法律、法规遣词造句力求准确，用词正式，语意严谨。不象文学作品那样，有华丽的词藻和丰富的修饰语，也不可能使用比喻，夸张和委婉语气。五、法律英语翻译的语言规范化原则所谓语言规范化原则主要是指在法律翻译中使用官方认可的规范化语言或书面语，以及避免使用方言和俚语。法律用语是每个国家正式程度最高的语言，是其所管辖下的所有地区中通用的语言。如果在受同一个法律体系管辖的地区内，法律用词、用语上各行其是，那么法律在实施的过程中势必乱套。

The new company law of our company is the new milestone, the legislation of one-person company name is much, but the new "law of one-man company system design also regret. The most obvious defects is only specified lawmakers established the legal status of one-man company, but did not make clear the legal status of one-man company, and the emperor l degrees between them. This paper is intended to clarify the surviving theoretically the necessity of establishing one company law and its characteristics of the perfect company some Suggestions. On January 1, 2006, the new company law formally implement system of one-man company, is a formal establishment method, the debate over a long time, finally in our company legislation has been clear. This is our company LiFaShi the progress, but the new "law of one-man company system design also regret. The most obvious defects is only specified lawmakers established the legal status of one-man company, but did not make clear the legal status of one-man company, and between the two systems. It will be on the actual operation of the "law of cause trouble. This paper is intended to clarify the surviving theoretically the necessity of establishing one company and the legal characteristics, and the improvement of the law of some Suggestions.The first part of the surviving company mainly discussed the basic theoretical analysis.The second section describes all of one company legislation and comments.The third part of the existence of law of one-man company to stand.

特此声明，所附的。。。附件是在我管理下真实的，正确的，完整的影印本

一般讲where在法律英语中通常是当.....什么样的情况发生时 1是表时间 相当于 when 当....时 2是表状态发生 相当于 if汉语说法是：什么什么的，表示if 比如 where a party fails to performs....

第四条款-中石化的商标与符号4.1 顾问将不得使用中石化的商标，贸易名字或任何其它符号。4.2 顾问兹此同意不得注册也不得曾有注册任何商标，贸易名称或中石化的符号或者与中石化相同的商标，贸易名称或符号。第五条款-排他性5.1 顾问将在此协议生效期间关于该竞标，项目及其合约仅能为中石化办事。不过，中石化将可以随意聘请其它顾问及聘用其它方的服务为做竞标，项目及其合约事宜。第六条款-顾问将会接到及时通知6.1 中石化将提供顾问一切所需的资料为了完成它在此的义务（比如科技，商务及相同资料）。6.2 中石化将准时通知顾问它对于任何合约的接受，拒绝及/或任何不执行部分。

A Ab initio Ab initio是拉丁文，其意思是“自开始之时”或“从头开始”，可以直接翻译为“自始”。在法律英语中，ab initio的使用频率较高，比较常见。如：ab initio mundi（有史以来），void ad initio（自始无效）等。 Accord accord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 Accused 被告 Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。 Acquire acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 Acquittal 罪名不成立。刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal是名词。详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。 Act act在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。 Action act在普通英语中的含义是行动，在法律英语中则理解为诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action提起诉讼，win an action在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 Adjourn 休庭，押后 法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟，称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审，称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。 Admission admission是admit的名词，在普通英语中的含义是承认或接纳。在法律英语中，则通常是法律程序中的一个用语，意思是采纳，采信（证据），如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。 Adopt adopt的最常见含义是采用，通过，如adopt a law通过一项法律，adopt a proposal采纳一个建议等，这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。另外，adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养，如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。 Affect affect是普通英语中最常见最普通的单词之一，意思是影响，通常用在口语和非正式的场合中。但在法律英语，affect（本义没有改变，仍然是影响），确实非常正式的用法，通常不能用influence等单词替换。如The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same．任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。 Affidavit 誓章 以宗教仪式发誓后签署的书面证供称为Affidavit，而以真诚发誓所签署的证供称为Affirmation，两者的格式用词有些分别，但主要作用相同。 Affiliate affiliate是法律英语的常见单词之一，意思是关联方，关联公司，也可以associate或connected person表示。如“Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party，including a Party"s parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party.“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方(包括其母公司或子公司)或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。 Agent agent也是法律英语中常见单词之一，意思是代理人，代理商，通常指商业代理，如果指非商业性质的代理，如替别人出席会议等，则可用proxy。例：Nothing in this Agreement or in the performance of any of its provisions is intended or shall be construed to constitute either party an agent, 1egal representative, subsidiary，joint venturer，partner，employer，or employee of the other for any purpose whatsoever．参考译文：本协议的任何内容或本协议任何条款的履行，无意表示、亦不应被理解为任何一方为任何目的可以充当另一方的代理人、法定代表、子公司、合营方、合作伙伴、雇主或雇员。 Allegation 声称 诉讼陈词中未经证实的声言，例如：The Plaintiff alleged that his loss was due to the Defendant"s breach of contract，原告声称他的损失是被告违约所引致。Allegation是名词。 Applicable applicable在法律英语中的意思是可适用的，如例句：If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid，illegal，or unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the provision/provisions shall be deemed to have been severed from this agreement.如果本协议或涉及本协议而签署的任何文件中某条或数条条款，根据任何适用法律在任何方面是无效的、不合法或不能强制执行的,视为该条款从本协议中删除。 A right of audience 发言权 Assault 殴打，侵犯 以武力侵犯他人的行为，称为Assault，一般性质的殴打，称为“Common Assault”；严重者称为Aggravated Assault；未经许可触摸他人身体，可以被控非礼，称为Indecent Assault。 As is 现状 “As is”意指“现状”。常用于物业买卖的合约中，指物业的现状。“The property is and will be sold on an “as is” basis …”即物业将会以其现状出售。又如deliver the house as is. 按照房屋的现状交付房屋。The software is provided as is.按软件现有状况提供软件等。 As of as of 是“到…截止”或“在…时”的意思。有些中文参考书对“as of”含义的解释是不对的，它们把as of解释为从…开始，相当于since。“as of”具体使用和翻译方法请参见为什么“as of”的中文翻译常出错？一文 Asset asset的含义是资产、财产，不仅包括动产，不动产，也包括可以动用的资源。如fixed asset固定资产，floating asset流动资产，Asset and capital verification 清产核资，asset management资产管理等。 Assign assign是法律英语中常用单词之一，意思是转让，也可以指受让人,通常指权利的转让。如assign the rights to a third party。把权利转让个第三方。又如Without the prior express written consent of the Principal, the Agent may not assign this Agreement to any other party.未经委托方事先明确的书面同意，代理方不得将本协议转让给任何第三方。 Attach attach在普通英语中的含义是依附，粘贴，在法律英语中指扣押财产。Attach the property扣押财产。Attachment order扣押令等。 B Bail 保释 刑事案中的疑犯或被告，可以暂时被释放。保释可以是有条件的，也可以是无条件的。保释的条件包括缴交指定金额的保释金、提供人事担保及定时向警署报到等。 Balance of Probabilities 可能性较高者。这是民事案件中举证的标准，法庭对原告和被告所提出的证据，认为那一方的可信性较高，便会判处该方胜诉。相对刑事案而言，民事案中败诉的后果一般都只是经济利益，所以法庭对举证的要求，相对也较刑事案为低。 Bankrupt bankrupt的意思是破产，既可以指单位也可以指个人破产。如go bankrupt破产，declare bankrupt宣布破产，adjudicate sb. Bankrupt判决某人破产等。 Beyond a reasonable doubt 无合理疑点。这是刑事案件中举证的标准，控方向法庭提出的证据，必须是在合理的情况下并无疑点，法庭才会判处被告有罪。刑事罪的后果对被告而言，较为严重，举证标准的要求也因此而较民事案严格，如果法庭认为证据有任何疑点，都会将疑点的利益“benefit of doubt”归于被告。具体翻译可参见刑事诉讼中的“beyond a reasonable doubt”该如何翻译一文。 Bind bind在普通英语中的含义是包扎，粘合。在法律英语中含义是约束，对…产生约束力。如the agreement binds all the parties to it协议对各方均有约束力，bind sb. to do使某人负有做…事情的义务等。具体用法参见怎样把“bind”一词“约束”好？一文 Binding 有约束力的 “binding”通常的解释是连结一起，但法律上则多用作有约束力的，例如：This provisional agreement is a binding contract。这份临时协议是有法律约束力的。 Board of directors/supervisors board of directors/supervisors分别为董事会和监事会，是公司的重要权力或监督机构。Board在法律英语中的含义是委员会，如果没有特别说明，一般指董事会，如果是单独的董事、监事，可以分别以director和supervisor表示。 Body Corporation 法人团体 经法律程序而产生具有与自然人相同法律地位的组织，例如：根据公司条例注册成立的有限公司Limited Company，可以拥有资产，可以向外借贷，可以提出控诉，也可以被申索。法人团体没有自然的死亡因素，所以必须经法律程序才可以将它消除。 Breach breach的意思是违反，侵犯，通常指违反合同、协议等。如If Party A materially breaches this Contract，Party B or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract．如果甲方实质性违反本合同，乙方或其权益承继人有权终止本合同或要求得到损害赔偿。 Burden of Proof 举证责任 无论是刑事或民事案件，提出控诉的一方，都负有举证的责任，即是向法庭提出证据，支持控诉和申索的事由。虽然在一般的情况下，向法庭举证是主控和原告的责任，但如果被告在刑事案中被法庭判罪之后，再被受害人以民事追讨赔偿，则在有关的民事诉讼中，如果被告否认他对受害人的损失需要负上赔偿的责任，被告便有责任向法庭举证，支持他的抗辩。 C Call call在普通英语中意思是呼唤，召集，如call the board meeting 召集董事会。另外在法律英语中通常为催促，催款。如The seller issued a notice of call to the buyer to urge the buyer to pay off the balance of the amount due and owing to seller.卖方向卖方发出催款通知，要求买方向卖方支付已到期尚未支付的账款余额。 Capital capital是法律英语中的常见单词，意思是资本，如current capital流动资本，authorized capital授权资本，capital reserve资本公积，capital investment资本投资等。 　　 Cause of Action 诉讼理由 提出诉讼，必须要有合理的事实根据，缺乏合理的诉讼理由，对方不但可以向法庭请求剔除有关的诉讼，同时可以要求赔偿浪费了的律师费及其它费用。 Caution 警诫词。执法人员（警察及海关人员等）在拘捕疑犯时，提醒疑犯保持缄默的权利的警告说话。执法人员在没有给予疑犯警诫词的情况下所录取的供词，可能不会被法庭接纳为有效的证供。 Certified Copy 核证副本。指经律师或其它合资格人士核证的文件副本，核证副本都有核证人的签署和核证日期，以确认该副本进行了核证，除特别声明必须用文件正本的情况外，核证副本一般都视为有效的文件。 Chamber 办公室。诉讼律师和法官的办公室，称为“Chamber”。诉讼程序中有部份的聆讯是在法官的办公室中进行的，称为内庭聆讯”hearing in chambers”，内庭聆讯只准许当事人及其法律代表出席。 Charge 收费，控罪，抵押，押记 Charge可以是名词，也可以是动词，它包含了多个不同的解释：1. 是提供服务的收费，例：Legal Charge 律师收费；2. 是刑事控罪，例：This case has more than one charge 这案件包含多于一项的控罪；3. 是借贷的抵押，例：The company charged its property for the loan 这间公司以其物业作为借款的抵押；4. 是对法定债务人的物业的押记，用以偿还有关的法定债务。 Circumstance circumstance在普通英语中指环境，情景。在法律英语中指法官予以定罪量刑的情节等。如aggravating/mitigating circumstance加重/减轻情节，legal circumstance法定情节等。 Claim claim在法律英语中的意思是索赔，诉求，既可以作名词，也可以作动词。如claim damages要求损害赔偿金，claim on the insurance 进行保险索赔，reject a claim拒绝一项索赔请求等。 Communication communication在这里不是抽象意义的交流，沟通，而是商业往来中的具体讯息，书信，包括来往函电，信件信件等。如Notices or other communications required to be given by one Party pursuant to this Agreement shall be written in Chinese.一方根据本协议要求发出的通知或其他书信应以中文书写。 Company company是法律英语翻译中最常用的单词之一，意思是公司，如controlling/holding company 控股公司，parent company母公司，limited liability company有限责任公司，company limited by shares 股份有限公司，listed company上市公司等。 Composition composition在普通英语中的常见意思为作文，结构，在法律英语中的意思为和解协议，指债务人与全部或至少相当一部分债权人达成的此类协议。如In case a settlement agreement is reached through conciliation between the debtor and creditors, the court shall make a decision in accordance with the contents of the composition reached by and between both parties.经债务人和债权人经调解达成和解协议的案件，法院应当根据双方当事人和解协议的内容，作出判决。 Concession concession指（政府授予的）特许权，特许经营权，如BOT project concession period consists of two parts: concession period limit and concession period length. BOT项目特许权转让协议中有关特许期的约定涉及两部分内容，包括特许期限定和特许期长度。 Concurrent Sentence 合并判决。刑事案中的被告犯了两项或以上的罪名同时成立，但各项罪名的判刑同时执行，例如第一项罪的判刑是一年监禁，而第二项罪的判刑是监禁两年，两项罪合并判决，被告只需要被服刑两年。 Confidential confidential是法律英语中的常用词汇，意思是保密的，机密的，相当于secret，但一般不能用secret替换。如Each party agrees to protect the other"s Confidential Information at all times and in the same manner as each protects the confidentiality of its own proprietary and confidential materials．各方同意，在任何时候都以保护自身专有资料和机密资料相同的方式保护另一方的机密信息。 Consecutive Sentence 连续判决。刑事案中的被告所犯的不同罪行，是以连续判决执行，则被告需要分别服刑，例如一项罪被判了两年，另一项罪则被判了三年，被告便需要连续服刑五年，才会被释放。 Consideration 对价，约因 合约是订约方自愿建立的法律关系，是一方以有价值的代价或者以换取对方的或代价，这些合约中的或代价称为对价或约因，缺乏有效的对价或约因，合约便不能成立。如Party A agrees to pay RMB 5000yuan in consideration for the service rendered by Party B.甲方同意支付5000元人民币作为乙方提供服务的对价。 Consolidation consolidation也是法律英语中的一个重要词组，意思是合并，兼并，即若各干企业合并成一个新企业，原企业解散，亦即新设合并，如Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party"s prior written consent, expect to any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization involving the assigning Party.任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意，不得转让本协议的全部或部分，除非转让给涉及转让方的因兼并、合并或其他重组而产生的任何公司。 Construction construction在普通英语中的最常见含义是“建设，构建”，“construction of the country”（国家建设）。在法律英语中，construction也有一个常见含义，即“解释”通常指对法律、条例、判决或其他法律规范的含义和适用所作的说明，相当于interpretation。如construction of the contract in accordance with the law（根据法律规定解释合同），strict construction of the law（对法律的严格解释）等。我们在使用时要注意区分，不能看到construction就当做“建设”理解。 Construe construe是法律英语中的重要单词，意思是解释，即对法律、合同等法律文件的内容作出解释，与interpret意思相同。如A waiver by one of the parties at any time of a breach of any term or provision of this Agreement committed by the other party shall not be construed as a waiver by such party of any subsequent breach to be committed by the other party.一方在任何时候放弃追究另一方违反本协议任何条款或规定的行为，不应被视为该一方放弃追究另一方以后的违约行为。 Contempt of Court 藐视法庭 是一种严重的罪行，可以被判罚款或监禁。藐视法庭包括不遵守法庭命令、违反对法庭作出的，妨碍司法公正等行为。 contribution contribution是公司法中常用的一个单词，意思是出资，不同于其在普通英语中的意思（贡献、投稿、捐赠），如When a Party (the “Disposing Party”) wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice (the “Notice”) to the other Party (the “Non-Disposing Party”).一方（“转让方”）欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时，应向另一方（“非转让方”）提供书面通知（“通知”）。 Contributory Negligence 共同过失。意外中的伤者对意外的造成及他自己的受伤程度，需要分担部份疏忽的责任，他所获得的赔偿额也会相对地减少。 Copyright 版权。是作者对他所创作的作品的发表、翻印、复制等专有权利，版权在作品完成后便自动产生及受法律保护，毋须经过任何注册程序，但必须为原创作品才拥有版权。 Counterclaim 反申索，反诉。在民事诉讼中，被告对原告作出申索，而该申索的事实和理据与原告的申索是有关连的，反申索是一项独立的申索，所以原告必须对反申索作出适当的响应，例如进行抗辩等。 Creation creation有两个意思，一个创造，通常出现在有关知识产权的法律中，如invention and creation发明创造。另一个意思是创设，通常指权利的设定，如The effect of all this is that, on the creation and sale of the Bankers" Acceptance, the Borrower receives a sum of money and, on the later maturity date, the Borrower pays back a slightly higher sum of money. 全部这种做法的效果在于，在设立和售出银行承兑时，借方收到一笔钱款，而在以后的到期日，借方付还一笔略高的钱款。 Customs 很多人望文生义，看到这个单词，直接把它理解成为“风俗，惯例”，而忽略了其形式是复数。Custom在法律英语中有“惯例、惯例法”的意思，如custom and usage（惯例、习惯法）。但Customs用作复数时，在法律英语中指海关，如customs declaration（报关），customs duty （关税，有时候也可以直接用customs表示关税），customs officer（海关官员等）。 Custody 保管，监护，拘留 一般而言，Custody这个名词是指对对象的保管或拥有，但在家事法中，Custody of Children 是指对未成年子女的监护权；而在刑事案件中，则指对被告的拘留。

哥们，我觉得你过了，你把整段整段东西拿到这里让别人帮你免费翻译，而且并不好意，这明显是滥用“知道”问答系统和别人的时间

1. This agreement was signed on June 18, 2013. The parties are: ABC Company, a company established and existing under the laws of the People"s Republic of China. The registered office address is located at ________ (hereinafter referred to as Party A); and DEF Company It is a company that is properly established and existing under the laws of Japan. The registered office address is located at ________ (hereinafter referred to as Party B). 2. If a party fails to perform the terms and conditions of this agreement, the other party has the right to terminate this agreement.

买卖合同 Business Contract /Buying and Selling Contract商标特许协议 Trademark License Agreement 谅解备忘录 Memorandum of Understanding意向书 Letter of Intent(LOI)保密协议 Confidentiality Agreement -租赁协议 Lease Agreement -协作协议 Collaboration Agreements -特许经营协议 Franchise Agreements咨询协议 Advisory Agreement 合作经营企业协议 Joint Venture Agreement 形象代言协议 Image Representing Agreement独家经销协议 Exclusive Distribution Agreement

of the nature of the charge to which the plea is offered对指控的性质，提出了抗辩　　双语例句1.Is it not in the nature of all human beings to yearn for freedom?渴望自由不是人类的天性吗？　　2.The report issued this week is surprisingly frank about the nature of those abuses.报告出乎意料地“坦白”了供应商的种种恶行。3.The nature of this traceability depends on the means used to express atomic rules.这种可跟踪性依赖于原子性规则的表达方式。

penalty用得更正式，是着重罚款的意思，fine着重罚金

1.divine‘s punishments， though slow， are always sure. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏。 2.an act is not a crime unless the law says it is one. 法无明文规定者不为罪。 3.this contract is made of one original and two duplicate originals， all of which are of the same effect. 本合同一式三份，具有同等效力。 4. the law does not concern itself about family trifles. 法律难断家务事。 5.this document is legally binding. 该文件具有法律约束力。 6. this law is in abeyance. 此法暂缓执行。 7. this law has become a dead letter. 此法已成为一纸空文。 8. this law will go into effect on the day of its promulgation. 本法自公布之日起施行。 9 the court dismissed the action. 法院驳回诉讼。 10. the court ordered the case to be retried. 法院命令重审此案…… 11.giving the killer what he deserves. 予杀人者以应得之罪。 12. hate the sin but not the sinner. 可恨的是罪行而非罪人。 13.everyone has the right to freedom of expression. 每个人都享有言论自由。 14. everyone is equal before the law. 法律面前人人平等。 15. first in time， first in right. 先在权利优先。 16. no rights can rest on one person without a corresponding duty resting on some other person or persons. 没有无义务的权利。 17. in most civil contexts it does not matter whether negligence is “gross” or “slight”。 在多数民事事项环境中，过失行为是否“严重”或“轻微”并不关紧要。 18. traditionally， firm referred to a partnership， as opposed to a company. 按惯例，firm是指合伙企业，与公司相对。 19.a transaction between two parties ought not to operate to the disadvantage of a third. 合约不约束第三人。 20. an acceptance once given cannot be revoked unless the offeror consents. 除非要约人同意，一经做出即不得撤回。 21. a contract may be modified if the parties reach a consensus through consultation. 当事人协商一致即可以变更合同。 22. any amendments to this contract shall become effective only by a written agreement by party a and party b. 对本合同的任何修改，只有经甲、乙双方签署书面协议后方能生效。 23. any annex is the integral part of this contract. 本合同一切附件均为本合同的有效组成部分。 24. any departure from the terms and conditions of the contract must be advised in writing. 任何与合同条款相背离的地方，都应以书面形式通知。 25. any failure by a party to carry out all or part of his obligations under the contract shall be considered as a substantial breach. 一方当事人不履行本合同的全部或任何部分义务均应被视为是根本违约。 26. any party has no right to terminate this contract without another party‘s agreement. 未经另一方当事人同意，任何当事人均无权终止本合同。 27.examples of void contracts are those entered as a result of misrepresentation， duress or undue influence. 因欺诈、胁迫和乘人之危而签订的合同属于可撤销合同。 28. if any of the above-mentioned clauses is inconsistent with the following additional clauses， the latter to be taken as authentic. 以上任何条款如与下列附加条款相抵触，以下列附加条款为准。 其他法律对合同另有规定的，应依照这些规定。 30.no consideration， no contract. 合同无对价不成立。 31. other special terms will be listed bellows. 甲、乙双方如有特殊约定将在下列另行约定。 32. party a and b have reached an agreement through friendly consultation to conclude the following contract. 甲、乙双方，经友好协商一致，订立本合同。 33. parties hereto may revise or supplement through negotiation matters not mentioned herein. 本合同如有未尽事宜，双方可协商修订或补充。 34. the parties may dissolve the contract upon consensus through consultation. 当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。 35. counsel must not lead the witness. 律师不得诱导证人。 36. the jury returned a verdict of guilty， and the judge will pass sentence next week. 陪审团裁定有罪，法官将于下周判刑。 37. the jury was unable to reach a unanimous decision. 陪审团未能达成意见一致的裁决。 38.judgment was entered for the plaintiff. 判决原告胜诉。 39. now the court is in session. 现在开庭。 40. order in the court. 法庭内保持肃静。 41. objection -反对 objection overruled——反对驳回

fine 主要是指罚金，也就是罚款。而penalty意思更为广泛，一般指在双方有约定的时候，一方违反协定时所要承担的责任，这里也可以包括罚金，主要看约定时的违约责任条款。

English conflict of laws in the application of foreign law in national legislation with that in can be called unique. In the nature of foreign law, whether ex officio application of proven methods, and can not prove that a foreign law or have proved inadequate when to how to resolve and so on will have their own unique characteristics. In today"s society continues to develop foreign trade gradually developed, gradually increasing cases, the application and proof of foreign law is increasingly subject to national attention, China is no exception. However, due to China"s legislation and practice are lagging behind the developed countries, so this unique approach in the analysis of the UK the same time,Also exists in our country"s problems and their solutions are expounded.